| BG | β-glucan |
| CVD | cardiovascular diseases |
| HFD | high-fat diet |
| MLE | mulberry leaf extract |
| MS | metabolic syndrome |
| NAFLD | nonalcoholic fatty liver disease |
| NDA | 2,3-naphthalenedicarboxyaldehyde |
| OGTT | oral glucose tolerance test |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| T2DM | type 2 diabetes mellitus |