Table 2.
In vitro modulatory effects of anthocyanins against insulin resistance and diabetes.
| Anthocyanins | Plant Name and Part Used | In Vitro Model/Activity | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Purified acylated anthocyanins: e.g., 32 | Morning glory (red flower) | α-Glucosidase/Enzyme inhibition | [20] |
| 6-O-Caffeoylsophorose of the diacylated anthocyanin, 34 | Fermented purple-fleshed sweet potato | α-Glucosidase/Enzyme inhibition | [21] |
| Purified acylated anthocyanin: 22 but not 19 or cyanidin (3) | Viburnum dilatatum fruits | α-Glucosidase/Enzyme inhibition | [22] |
| Anthocyanins 18, 19 and 24 | Synthetic source | α-Glucosidase and pancreatic α-amylase/Enzyme inhibition | [23] |
| Methanolic extracts and purified anthocyanins: 24 as well as cyanidin (3) | Noble Muscadine grape - whole fruit and skin | α-Glucosidase and pancreatic lipase/Enzyme inhibition | [24] |
| Anthocyanins enriched water extract | Ipomoea batatas (purple sweet potato) | α-Amylase and α-glucosidase/Enzyme inhibition | [25] |
| Aqueous ethanol (70%) extract containing 19, 21, 31 and 33 | Pulp of Sweet cherry cultivars | α-Glucosidase/Enzyme inhibition | [26] |
| Ethanol extract | Syzygium dessiflorum fruits | α-Amylase/Enzyme inhibition | [27] |
| Smoothies containing anthocyanins 19–21, 23 and 33 | Fruits of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus, Prunus persica, Prunus armeniaca and plum) | α-Amylase and α-glucosidase/Enzyme inhibition | [28] |
| Aqueous extract | Roselle (Hibiscus sabdarilfa) flowers | α-Amylase and α-glucosidase/Enzyme inhibition | [29] |
| Methanol extract | Aegle marmelos fruit pulp | α-Amylase and α-glucosidase/Enzyme inhibition; L6 rat skeletal muscle cells/Increase glucose uptake | [30] |
| Aqueous and methanol extracts | Strawberries fruits | α-Amylase and α-glucosidase/Enzyme inhibition | [31] |
| Aqueous extract | Brazilian strawberry cultivar (Fragaria x ananassa) | α-Amylase and α-glucosidase/Enzyme inhibition | [32] |
| Aqueous extracts | Red current, black current, red and green goose berries | α-Amylase and α-glucosidase/Enzyme inhibition | [33] |
| Aqueous, methanolic, and acetic acid extracts; Major component are 17–19 | black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) berries | α-Amylase and lipase/Enzyme inhibition | [34] |
| Aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts | Serviceberry plant samples (leaves, twig and berries) | α-Glucosidase/Enzyme inhibition | [35] |
| Purified flavonoids including anthocyanins | Standard chemicals | α-Glucosidase/Enzyme inhibition | [36] |
| Aqueous methanol extracts containing anthocyanins (21, 24 and 31) | Fig (Ficus carica) fruits | α-Amylase and α-glucosidase/Enzyme inhibition | [37] |
| Ethanol and methanol extracts and purified anthocyanins: 19 and 22 | Elderberries (Sambucus nigra) | α-Glucosidase and α-amylase/Enzyme inhibition; skeletal muscle cells/Stimulate glucose uptake | [38] |
| Anthocyanin-rich formulation and purified anthocyanin: 28 | Maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis) | H4IIE rat liver cells and L6 mycotubes/Decrease glucose production, increase glucose uptake and enhanced insulin stimulated downregulation of gluconeogenic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphatase | [39] |
| Aqueos extract containing 19 and 25 | Rutgers Scarlet Lettuce | H4IIE rat hepatoma cells/Inhibition of glucose production | [40] |
| Acidified ethanol extract and purified anthocyanins: 19, 21 and 30 | Mulberry (Morus alba) | HepG2 cells/Increase glucose uptake | [41] |
| Purified anthocyanin: 19 | Standard reference | Human omental adipocytes and 3T3-L1 cells/Increase glucose transport, GLUT4 membrane translocation and insulin sensitivity (insulin like activity); | [42] |
| Aqueous extract containing high concentration of acylated cyanidin and peonidin | Purple sweet potato | 3T3-L1 adipocytes/Suppress leptin secretion and expression of lipogenic and inflammatory factors; promoted lipolytic action | [43] |
| Standardized extract containing 25% anthocyanins | Bilberry | 3T3-L1 cell line/Decrease adipocyte differentiation via insulin signaling pathway | [44] |
| Fermented Juice | Lowbush blueberry fruits | Insulin sensitive cultured muscle cells and adipocytes/Stimulate glucose uptake; increase insulin sensitivity | [45] |
| Ethanol extract | Canadian lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) fruits | Replicating βTC-tet cells/Increase proliferation | [46] |
| Aqueous extract | Eugenia jambolana seeds and pulp | Cultured Islets of Langerhans cells of normal and diabetic rats/Stimulate insulin release | [47] |
| Purified anthocyanins: 18, 19, 27 and 29 | Cornus fruits (C. officinalis and C. mas) | Rodent pancreatic β-cells (INS-1832/13)/Increased insulin secretion and prevent insulin resistance | [48] |