Table 3.

In vivo effects of anthocyanins against insulin resistance or diabetes/obesity.

Anthocyanins *	Plant Name and Part Used	Animal Model	Anti-diabetic and/or Anti-obesity Activity	References
Juice	Acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) fruits	Diabetic Wister rats	Reduction in blood glucose level, cholesterol and triglyceride	[51]
Juice	Aronia melanocarpa Fruits	Diabetic rat	Lower glucose and lipid level	[52]
Juice	Aronia melanocarpa (black chokeberry)	Obese mice under high fat diet	Lower lipid level	[53]
Athocyanin fractyion of ethanol extract	Berberis integerrima fruits	STZ-induced diabetic rats	Reduce glucose level and increase glycogen	[54]
Juice containing 19 and 25	Blackberries (Rubus adenotrichos Schltdl. Cv. “vino”)	STZ-induced diabetic rats	Decreases the levels of glucose, triacylglycerols and cholesterol	[55]
Anthocyanin rich fractions	Black rice (Oryza sativa)	Rats fed high fructose rich diet for 4 weeks	Increase plasma insulin level and insulin sensitivity; prevent insulin resistance; hypolipidemic effect	[56]
Anthocyanin rich preparation	Black soybean seed coat	STZ induced diabetic rats	Protect pancreatic tissue from apoptosis, regulation of glucose transport; prevent insulin resistance; hypolipidemic effect	[57]
Anthocyanin rich preparation	Black soybean (Glycine max L.)	Rats fed with high fat diet	Decrease body weight gain; suppress weight gain in liver, epidymal and perirenal fat pads; improve lipid profile, serum triglyceride and cholesterol level	[58]
Juice	Blueberries	Obese rodent fed with high fat diet	Improve insulin resistance and glucose tolerance	[59,60,61]
Powder diet	Blueberries	Obese and insulin resistance mice fed with 60% high fat diet and 4% blueberries	Lower plasma glucose; increase insulin sensitivity; reduce adipocyte cell death	[62]
Juice/Powder	Blueberries	Obese rodent	Decrease body weight gain and lipid accumulation; increase insulin sensitivity	[59,63,64]
Powder	Blueberries	Obese rat	Anti-obesity effect; increase glucose absorption	[65]
Powder	Blueberry	Obese mice fed with high fat diet	Decrease body weight and body fat accumulation	[66]
Powder	Blueberry	Obesity prone rat (Zucher fatty and Zucker lean)	Reduces triglycerides, fasting insulin; improve insulin sensitivity	[60]
Extract (unknown)	Blueberries (Vaccinium myrtillus) or Bilberries (Vaccinium cyanococcus)	Type-2 diabetic male KK-Aγ mice	Amloriate insulin sensitivity; improve diabetic condition; suppress glucose production and lipid content in the liver	[67]
Methanol extract and anthocyanin fraction	Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium)	Diabetic mice	Hypoglycemic activity	[68]
Powdered formulation or juice	Blueberry, Black current, Concord grape, Black raspberry and Maqui berry	Obese mice with high fat diet	Improve insulin sensitivity	[69]
Fermented beverage	Blueberry and blackberry	Obese mice fed with high fat diet	Reduce fasting blood glucose level; prevent obesity	[70]
Juice	Blueberry and Mulberry	Obese mice fed with high fat diet	Decrease body weight gain and serum cholesterol level; reduce insulin resistance, lipid accumulation and leptin secretion	[64]
Powder	Blueberry (Vaccinium ashei)	Obese male mice under high fat diet	Decrease serum glucose; improve lipid profile	[71]
Powder	Blueberry	Female mice fed with high fat diet	Supplement prevent glucose and insulin tolerance in obese post-menopausal mice	[61]
Spraydried (CellBerry®)	Chokeberry	Rats fed with high fructose-rich diet	Reduce weight gain; modulate insulin, adipogenic and inflammatory signaling pathways	[72]
Purified anthocyanins: 18, 29 and 26	Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas)	Obese and insulin resistance mice fed with high fat diet	Decrease body weight and accumulation of lipids and triglyceride in the liver; increase insulin level; preserve islet architecture	[73]
Ethanol extract and purified anthocyanin: derivatives of pelargonidin glycoside	Bark of Ficus benghalensis Linn.	Alloxan-induced diabetic dogs and rats	Hypoglycemic effect; stimulate insulin secretion	[74,75]
Freeze-dried powder and crude extract preparations	Gamazumi (Viburnum dilatatum)	STZ-induced hyperglycemic rats	Decrease plasma glucose level; antioxidant activity	[76]
Freeze dried Jabuticaba peel containing 19 and 27	Jabuticaba (Myrciaria spp.) peel	Rats under high fat diet	Increase glucose and insulin tolerance; reduce serum insulin resistance; increase HDL level	[77]
Anthocyanin fraction from aqueous methanol (70%) extract 28	Maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis)	Hyperglycemic obese mice fed high fat diet	Improve fasting blood glucose level and glucose tolerance	[39]
Aqueous ethanol (50%) extract containing 1, 19 and 21	Morus alba fruits	Zucker diabetic fatty rats	Decrease glucose level; maintain insulin level and β cell histology	[78]
Juice predominantly containg 19 and 21	Morus australis fruits	Obese and insulin resistance mice fed with high fat diet	Suppress weight gain and insulin resistance; attenuate lipid accumulation; lower the size of adipocytes	[64]
Aqueous ethanol (70%) and the ethyl acetate fraction	Mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit	STZ induced diabetic mice	Hypoglycemic effect	[79]
Aqueous extract	Mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruits	Male Syrian golden hamster	Prevent obesity; reduce hepatic lipogenesis, body weight gain and fat accumulation	[80]
Acidified ethanol extract containing 19 and 20	Mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit	db/db diabetic mice	$\mathsf{\beta }$-cell protection; reverse insulin resistance	[41]
Aqueous ethanol (70%) extract	Mulberry root bark	STZ induced diabetic rats	Reduces serum glucose and lipid peroxides; increased insulin level	[81]
Concentrated juice	Plums	Wistar fatty rats	Reduce blood glucose; increase insulin sensitivity	[82]
Methanol extract	Pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn.) flowers	Zucker diabetic fatty rats	Decreases plasma glucose level	[83,84]
Powder rich in 19	Purple corn	High fat diet induced insulin resistance mice	Reverse insulin resistance; suppress weight gain and hypertrophy of adipocytes	[85]
Purified anthocyanin: 19	Purple corn	Diabetic KKA-γ mice	Reduces blood glucose level; enhance insulin sensitivity	[86]
Purified anthocyanin: 34	Purple sweet potato	Male Sprague Dawley rats	Increase plasma insulin sensitivity; decrease α-glucosidase activity	[87]
Aqueous alcohol extracts containing 25	Rutgers Scarlet Lettuce	High fat diet induced obese mice	Improve glucose metabolism; decrease total liver lipid	[40]
Aqueos alcohol extract	Sapindus mukorossi fruits	STZ induced diabetic rats	Decrease blood glucose level and lipid level	[88]
Aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts	Serviceberry plant samples (leaves, twig and berries)	Diet induced obese and hyperglycemic mice	Lower blood glucose; delay absorption of carbohydrate; inhibit intestinal α-glucosidase activity	[35]
Purified anthocyanin: 20, 21 and 31	Sweet cherry (Prunus avium)	Male mice fed with high fat diet	Prevent body weight gain; reduces size of adipocytes; decrease leptin secretion, serum glucose triglyceride, total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein	[89]
Anthocyanin-enriched juices and purified 19	Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), Moro (a blood orange)	Obese mice fed with high fat diet	Improve glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity; reduce hepatic accumulation of lipid	[90]
Freeze-dried	Tart cherries	Male rats	Decrease fasting glucose level; increase plasma insulin level	[91]

* The full list of compounds designated with bold numbers is presented in Table 1.