Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Author (Year) | Country | Outcome | Study Period (Months) | Type of Pregnancy |
n Control |
n Intervention |
Supplement Started GA (Weeks) | Mean Age (Years) | Mean GA at Enrolment (Weeks) | Mean GA at Delivery (Weeks) | SBP (mmHg) | DBP (mmHg) | BMI (kg/m2) | Weight Gain (g/Week) | Nulliparity (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium vs. Placebo | |||||||||||||||
| Aghamohammadi (2015) [28] | Iran | PE | - | High Risk Women | 40 | 40 | <20 weeks | 37.15 | - | - | - | - | 26.8 | - | - |
| Almirante (1998) [29] | Philippines | PE | - | High Risk Women | 210 | 212 | <20 weeks | - | 18.00 | - | - | - | - | - | 100.00 |
| Bassaw (1998) [30] | Bangladesh | Both | 36 | Low Risk Women | 250 | 81 | <20 weeks | 27 | - | 38.6 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Belizan (1991) [31] | Argentina | Both | 33 | High Risk Women | 588 | 579 | ≥20 weeks | 23.70 | 20.80 | - | 103.95 | 66.45 | - | - | 100.00 |
| Crowther (1999) [32] | Australian | Both | 53 | Low Risk Women | 229 | 227 | ≥20 weeks | 24.70 | 18.37 | - | 115.80 | 68.20 | 26.60 | - | 100.00 |
| Kumar (2009) [33] | New Delhi | PE | 36 | Low Risk Women | 251 | 273 | <20 weeks | 21.85 | 17.83 | 38.44 | 113.19 | 74.00 | 23.35 | - | - |
| Levine (1997) [34] | US | Both | 36 | Low Risk Women | 2294 | 2295 | <20 weeks | 21.00 | 17.15 | 38.90 | 106.50 | 59.70 | - | - | 100.00 |
| Lopez-Jaramillo (1997) [35] | Ecuador | PE | 56 | High Risk Women | 135 | 125 | ≥20 weeks | 15.99 | 20.00 | 39.13 | - | - | - | 414.19 | 100.00 |
| Lopez-Jaramillo (1990) [37] | Ecuador | Both | 30 | Low Risk Women | 34 | 22 | ≥20 weeks | 19.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 100.00 |
| Lopez-Jaramillo (1989) [36] | Ecuador | GH/PIH | 30 | Low Risk Women | 43 | 49 | ≥20 weeks | 18.47 | 23.00 | - | - | - | - | 430.80 | 100.00 |
| Nenad (2011) [38] | Serbia | Both | - | Low Risk Women | 4588 | 4590 | <20 weeks | - | 18.50 | - | - | - | - | - | 100.00 |
| Niromanesh (2001) [39] | Iran | Both | - | High Risk Women | 15 | 15 | ≥20 weeks | 23.15 | 29.70 | 38.60 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Puwar (1996) [40] | India | Both | 15 | Low Risk Women | 93 | 97 | ≥20 weeks | 21.93 | 18.07 | 37.50 | 103.02 | 63.32 | - | - | 100.00 |
| Rogers (1999) [41] | Hong Kong | GH/PIH | 30 | High Risk Women | 75 | 144 | ≥20 weeks | 27.31 | 21.67 | 38.9 | - | - | - | - | 100.00 |
| Sanchez-Ramos (1994) [42] | Florida | Both | 55 | High Risk Women | 34 | 29 | ≥20 weeks | 18.38 | 24.44 | - | 113.50 | 64.01 | - | - | 100.00 |
| Villar (1987) [11] | Baltimore, Argentina | GH/PIH | 36 | Low Risk Women | 27 | 25 | ≥20 weeks | 21.10 | - | - | - | - | - | 388.2 | 100.00 |
| Villar (1990) [44] | Baltimore | Both | 36 | High Risk Women | 88 | 90 | ≥20 weeks | 16.25 | 23.55 | 38.55 | 102.75 | 61.10 | - | - | 85.26 |
| Villar (2006) [43] | Argentina, Egypt, India, Peru, South Africa, Vietnam | Both | 21 | Low Risk Women | 4161 | 4151 | <20 weeks | 22.65 | 15.10 | - | 105.05 | 60.80 | 21.90 | - | 100.00 |
| Wanchu (2001) [45] | India | PE | - | High Risk Women | 50 | 50 | ≥20 weeks | - | 14.2 | - | 111.57 | 72.45 | - | - | 100.00 |
| Vitamin D vs. Placebo | |||||||||||||||
| Asemi (2013) [46] | Iran | PE | 4 | High Risk Women | 27 | 27 | ≥20 weeks | 17.44 | 26 | - | - | - | 30.8 | - | - |
| Naghshineh (2016) [47] | Iran | PE | 5 | High Risk Women | 70 | 68 | <20 weeks | 25 | - | 37.4 | - | - | - | - | 100.00 |
| Sablok (2015) [48] | India | PE | 36 | High Risk Women | 57 | 108 | <20 weeks | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 100.00 |
| Calcium plus Vitamin D vs. Placebo | |||||||||||||||
| Asemi (2012) [49] | Pakistan | PE | 11 | High Risk Women | 25 | 24 | ≥20 weeks | 24.9 | - | - | - | - | 27.58 | - | 100.00 |
| Marya (1987) [50] | India | PE | - | Low Risk Women | 200 | 200 | ≥20 weeks | - | 22.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Taherian (2002) [52] | Iran | PE | 36 | Low Risk Women | 330 | 330 | ≥20 weeks | 21.55 | 20.00 | 38.80 | 97.25 | 57.88 | 22.55 | 10.25 * | - |
| Samimi (2015) [51] | Iran | PE | 6 | High Risk Women | 30 | 30 | ≥20 weeks | 27.2 | - | - | 111.7 | 72.4 | 26.5 | - | - |
| Calcium plus Vitamin D vs. Calcium | |||||||||||||||
| Hossain (2014) [53] | Pakistan | Both | 21 | Low Risk Women | 89 | 86 | ≥20 weeks | 25.57 | 20.00 | 37.61 | - | - | 23.64 | - | - |
n = number of subjects, GA = Gestational Age (weeks), SBP = Mean Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg), DBP = Mean Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg), BMI = Mean Body Mass Index (kg/m2), PE = Preeclampsia only, GH/PIH = Gestational Hypertension or Pregnancy Induced Hypertension only, Both = Both PE or GH/PIH, * Mean weight gain in kg.