Table 3.

Microbiota in MS and its animal models

Demyelinating diseases		References
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
•	Phylum level: Actinobacteria (pA)↑↓, Bacteroidetes (pB)↓, Firmicutes (pF)↑↓, Proteobacteria (pP)↑↓, Verrucomicrobia (pV)↑	50–54
	Family level: Coriobacteriaceae (pA)↓, Bacteroidaceae (pB)↓, S24-7 (pB)↓, Christensenellaceae (pF)↑, Lachnospiraceae (pF)↓, Ruminococcaceae (pF)↓, Desulfovibrionaceae (pP)↑, Enterobacteriaceae (pP)↑, Helicobacteraceae (pP)↓, Akkermansiaceae (pV)↑
	Genus level: Adlercreutzia(pA)↓, Collinsella (pA)↓, Butyricimonas (pB)↓, Parabacteroides (pB)↓, Prevotella (pB)↓, Blautia (pF)↑, Haemophilis (pP)↑, Helicobacter (pP)↓, Mycoplana (pP)↑, Pseudomonas (pP)↑, Akkermansia (pV)↑
	Species level: Clostridium perfringens (pF)↓, Helicobacter pylori (pP)↓
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)
•	Members of the phyla Firmicutes (pF) and Proteobacteria (pP) were increased in rats, but not in mice	67,68
•	High fat diet reduced members of families Prevotellaceae (pB) and S24-7 (pB)	68
•	SPF mice developed more severe EAE than GF mice	62,66
•	Oral antibiotic treatment suppressed EAE	64
•	SPF MOG-TCR Tg mice developed spontaneous EAE, while GF MOG-TCR Tg mice did not develop EAE	66
•	Polysaccharide A derived from Bacteroides fragilis (pB) suppressed EAE	63
Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD)
•	Phylum level: Bacteroidetes (pB)↑↓, Firmicutes (pF)↑↓	82
	Family level: Rikenellaceae (pB)↑, Eubacteriaceae (pF)↑, Streptococcaceae (pF)↓
	Genus level: Alistipes (pB)↑, Eubacterium (pF)↑, Streptococcus (pF)↓
•	Oral antibiotic treatment did not influence demyelination	82

Abbreviations: MS, multiple sclerosis; pA, phylum Actinobacteria; pB, phylum Bacteroidetes; pF, phylum Firmicutes; pP, phylum Proteobacteria; pV, phylum Verrucomicrobia; SPF, specific pathogen-free; GF, germ-free; MOG-TCR Tg, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific T cell receptor transgenic