Fig. 4.

Supervised, partial least squares analysis of seminal plasma NMR spectra in predicting csCaP (according to D’Amico criteria) following add-to-subtract. Minimal separation is seen according to csCaP (blue squares = benign, red triangles = csCaP; A). When coloured according to risk subgroups (blue squares = benign; green dots = low risk; yellow diamonds = intermediate risk; red triangles = high risk/cancer present; panel B), potential intragroup clustering was seen due to pyruvate, serine and lipids/lipoproteins (high/intermediate risk), and TMAO (low risk). (A, B) Scores plots. (C) Loadings plot. csCaP, clinically significant prostate cancer; Lip, lipids/lipoproteins; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; Pyr, pyruvate; Ser, serine; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide; PC, principal component.