Table 2.
Participants’ characteristics and functioning by frailty
| Positive score on ≥1 domain | Positive score on ≥2 domain | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frailty n = 231 (89.9%) | No frailty n = 26 (10.1%) | p value | Frailty n = 162 (63.0%) | No frailty n = 95 (37.0%) | p value | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Female | 167 (72.3) | 23 (88.5) | 0.075 | 117 (72.2) | 73 (76.8) | 0.415 |
| Age, mean (SD) | 84.7 (5.28) | 83.3 (5.45) | 0.220 | 85.0 (5.37) | 83.8 (5.14) | 0.105 |
| Living alone, n (%) | 153 (66.2) | 18 (69.2) | 0.759 | 108 (66.7) | 63 (66.3) | 0.954 |
| Education, mean (SD) | 7.84 (3.11) | 11.20 (4.79) | <0.001 | 7.41 (2.83) | 9.47 (4.0) | <0.001 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Poor self-rated health, n (%) | 66 (28.8) | 2 (7.7) | 0.021 | 56 (34.8) | 12 (12.8) | <0.001 |
| Risk of malnutrition/malnutrition, n (%) | 194 (88.2) | 16 (61.5) | <0.001 | 140 (92.1) | 70 (74.5) | <0.001 |
| Drugs in regular use, ≥ 10, n (%) | 126 (57.0) | 13 (52.0) | 0.632 | 94 (61.4) | 45 (48.4) | 0.045 |
| FCI, mean (SD) | 3.01 (1.87) | 2.12 (1.75) | 0.023 | 3.16 (1.84) | 2.53 (1.86) | 0.006 |
| Heart disease, n (%) | 139 (62.9) | 15 (57.7) | 0.604 | 99 (64.7) | 55 (58.5) | 0.329 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 67 (30.3) | 8 (30.8) | 0.962 | 45 (29.4) | 30 (31.9) | 0.678 |
| Asthma / COPD, n (%) | 50 (22.6) | 4 (15.4) | 0.398 | 39 (25.5) | 15 (16.0) | 0.078 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 60 (27.1) | 3 (11.5) | 0.084 | 49 (32.0) | 14 (14.9) | 0.003 |
| Visual impairment, n (%) | 58 (26.2) | 7 (26.9) | 0.941 | 47 (30.7) | 18 (19.1) | 0.045 |
| Hearing impairment, n (%) | 42 (17.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.015 | 28 (18.3) | 14 (14.9) | 0.489 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 27.4 (5.59) | 25.2 (3.9) | 0.063 | 27.5 (5.55) | 26.6 (5.30) | 0.206 |
| Functioning | ||||||
| Walks 400 m independently, n (%) | 126 (55.0) | 26 (100) | <0.001 | 73 (45.3) | 79 (84.0) | <0.001 |
SD Standard deviation, BMI Body Mass Index, MNA Mini Nutritional Assessment, FCI Functional Comorbidity Index, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease