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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Exp Neurol. 2017 Jul 29;298(Pt B):236–245. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.07.019

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Sources of biomarkers for LRRK2 kinase inhibition in humans. LRRK2 expression (imported from the Illumina RNA Body Map) is highest in circulating cells, and protein expression and phosphorylation can be determined in white-blood cells (PBMCs) and neutrophils and in exosome-fractions purified from cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and urine. pS935 levels are in indirect measure of LRRK2 kinase inhibition, whereas pS1292 levels and pRab levels are a direct measure of LRRK2 kinase function and known to be increased by LRRK2 pathogenic mutations.