Figure-ground segregation of a square object with aligned contour elements (top row) and with noise contour elements (top row). Shown are (left to right) the input stimulus, the edge cell activity (E), the border ownership assignment along edges (shown as the vector modulation index vā, section 2.5), the object grouping neuron activity (Go) and the contour grouping activity (Gc). Activities are normalized within each map, and warmer colors indicate higher activity (see color bar at right).