Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population stratified by stroke subtype and hospital type (white, mixed, and minority). Numbers given are n (%) unless stated otherwise. APR-DRG: all patient refined diagnosis-related group; PI: Pacific Islander.
| Characteristic | Intracerebral Hemorrhage (n=46,735) | Ischemic Stroke (n=331,521) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients in white hospitals (n=17,914) | Patients in mixed hospitals (n=15,769) | Patients in minority hospitals (n=13,052) | Patients in white hospitals (n=170,015) | Patients in mixed hospitals (n=95,642) | Patients in minority hospitals (n=65,864) | |
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| Age – years: median (IQR) | 75 (62–83) | 71 (57–81) | 66 (54–78) | 75 (63–84) | 72 (60–82) | 69 (57–80) |
|
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| Female | 9,158 (51.1) | 7,751 (49.2) | 6,114 (46.8) | 90,201 (53.1) | 50,298 (52.6) | 34,222 (52.0) |
|
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| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
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| ||||||
| White | 15,601 (87.1) | 9,955 (63.1) | 4,124 (31.6) | 149,180 (87.8) | 60,917 (63.7) | 19,918 (30.2) |
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| Black | 1,241 (6.9) | 2,953 (18.7) | 4,180 (32.0) | 12,280 (7.2) | 20,981 (21.9) | 24,245 (36.8) |
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| Hispanic | 418 (2.3) | 1,436 (9.1) | 2,675 (20.5) | 4,081 (2.4) | 7,504 (7.9) | 13,004 (19.7) |
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| Asian/PI | 312 (1.7) | 787 (5.0) | 1,199 (9.2) | 1,817 (1.1) | 3,175 (3.3) | 4,098 (6.2) |
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| Other | 342 (1.9) | 638 (4.1) | 874 (6.7) | 2,657 (1.6) | 3,065 (3.2) | 4,599 (7.0) |
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| All minorities | 2,313 (12.9) | 5,814 (36.9) | 8,928 (68.4) | 20,835 (12.3) | 34,725 (36.3) | 45,946 (69.8) |
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| Health Insurance | ||||||
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| Private | 3,487 (19.5) | 3,424 (21.7) | 2,753 (21.1) | 33,127 (19.5) | 20,706 (21.7) | 13,031 (19.8) |
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| Medicaid | 1,081 (6.0) | 1,347 (8.5) | 2,024 (15.5) | 7,663 (4.5) | 6,819 (7.1) | 8,230 (12.5) |
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| Medicare | 11,977 (66.9) | 9,365 (59.4) | 6,372 (48.8) | 118,810 (69.9) | 59,443 (62.2) | 37,134 (56.4) |
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| Self-pay | 867 (4.8) | 1,088 (6.9) | 1,324 (10.1) | 6,326 (3.7) | 5,386 (5.6) | 4,836 (7.3) |
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| Median household income per zip code | ||||||
|
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| Quartile 1 | 4,275 (23.9) | 4,324 (27.4) | 4,608 (35.3) | 39,825 (23.4) | 26,444 (27.7) | 25,721 (39.1) |
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| Quartile 2 | 4,847 (27.1) | 3,628 (23.0) | 2,665 (20.4) | 45,388 (26.7) | 22,586 (23.6) | 12,873 (19.5) |
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| Quartile 3 | 4,415 (24.7) | 3,333 (21.1) | 2,905 (22.3) | 41,741 (24.6) | 21,752 (22.7) | 14,424 (21.9) |
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| Quartile 4 | 4,051 (22.6) | 4,124 (26.2) | 2,424 (18.6) | 39,975 (23.5) | 22,768 (23.8) | 11,091 (16.8) |
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| Teaching Hospital | 9,591 (53.5) | 10,228 (64.9) | 9,785 (75.0) | 67,020 (39.4) | 49,715 (52.0) | 41,032 (62.3) |
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| Hospital Region | ||||||
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| Northeast | 5,029 (28.1) | 2,038 (12.9) | 2,332 (17.9) | 42,824 (25.2) | 11,339 (11.9) | 15,195 (23.1) |
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| Midwest | 4,134 (23.1) | 1,340 (8.5) | 1,058 (8.1) | 35,776 (21.0) | 8,939 (9.4) | 6,647 (10.1) |
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| South | 6,086 (34.0) | 7,652 (48.5) | 6,015 (46.1) | 61,876 (36.4) | 52,015 (54.4) | 29,712 (45.1) |
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| West | 2,665 (14.9) | 4,739 (30.1) | 3,647 (27.9) | 29,539 (17.4) | 23,349 (24.4) | 14,310 (21.7) |
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| Hospital Location | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Rural | 806 (4.5) | 273 (1.7) | 43 (0.3) | 17,942 (10.6) | 4,149 (4.3) | 3,209 (4.9) |
|
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| Urban | 16,759 (93.6) | 15,435 (97.9) | 12,622 (96.7) | 150,587 (88.6) | 90,877 (95.0) | 61,453 (93.3) |
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| Hospital Bed Size | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Small | 649 (3.6) | 703 (4.5) | 727 (5.6) | 15,192 (8.9) | 6,713 (7.0) | 4,52 (6.2) |
|
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| Medium | 3,446 (19.2) | 3,412 (21.6) | 2,141 (16.4) | 40,748 (24.0) | 21,991 (23.0) | 15,755 (23.9) |
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| Large | 13,470 (75.2) | 11,593 (73.5) | 9,797 (75.1) | 112,589 (66.2) | 66,322 (69.3) | 44,855 (68.1) |
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| Hospital stroke case volume/year | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Quartile 1 | 5,521 (30.8) | 3,664 (23.2) | 2,889 (22.1) | 47,067 (27.7) | 20,344 (21.3) | 15,722 (23.9) |
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| Quartile 2 | 5,364 (29.9) | 3,380 (21.4) | 2,840 (21.8) | 42,246 (24.9) | 22,355 (23.4) | 18,471 (28.0) |
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| Quartile 3 | 3,596 (20.1) | 4,527 (28.7) | 3,929 (26.0) | 42,739 (25.1) | 25,179 (16.3) | 14,801 (22.5) |
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| Quartile 4 | 3,433 (19.2) | 4,198 (26.6) | 3,929 (30.1) | 37,963 (22.3) | 27,764 (29.0) | 16,870 (25.6) |
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| Charlson Comorbidity Index | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| 1 | 6,296 (35.2) | 5,527 (35.1) | 4,283 (32.8) | 48,415 (28.5) | 26,224 (27.4) | 16,808 (25.5) |
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| 2 | 3,508 (19.6) | 3,030 (19.2) | 2,506 (19.2) | 38,069 (22.4) | 21,745 (22.7) | 15,166 (23.0) |
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| 3 | 4,076 (22.8) | 3,548 (22.5) | 3,093 (23.7) | 36,163 (21.3) | 20,381 (21.3) | 13,613 (20.7) |
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| ≥4 | 4,034 (22.5) | 3,664 (23.2) | 3,170 (24.3) | 47,368 (27.9) | 27,292 (28.5) | 20,277 (30.8) |
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| APR-DRG | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Minor | 1,278 (7.1) | 1,092 (6.9) | 1,006 (7.7) | 15,545 (9.1) | 8,936 (9.3) | 6,369 (9.7) |
|
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| Moderate | 5,718 (31.9) | 4,606 (29.2) | 3,635 (27.9) | 81,898 (48.2) | 45,007 (47.1) | 31,407 (47.7) |
|
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| Major | 7,056 (39.4) | 5,952 (37.7) | 4,574 (35.0) | 58,283 (34.3) | 32,170 (33.6) | 21,016 (31.9) |
|
| ||||||
| Extreme | 3,862 (21.6) | 4,119 (26.1) | 3,837 (29.4) | 14,289 (8.4) | 9,529 (10.0) | 7,072 (10.7) |
|
| ||||||
| Length of stay – days: median (IQR) | 5 (2–8) | 5 (3–10) | 6 (3–12) | 4 (2–6) | 4 (2–6) | 4 (3–7) |