Table 2.

Rates and odds of palliative care utilization among patients presenting to hospitals serving varying proportions of minority stroke patients.

Variable	N	Palliative Care N (%)	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted* OR (95% CI)	p for trend
ICH
All Patients	46,735	4,931 (10.6)
Hospital Strata					0.001
White	17,914	2,275 (12.7)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Mixed	15,769	1,706 (10.8)	0.83 (0.68–1.02)	0.87 (0.70–1.07)
Minority	13,052	950 (7.3)	0.54 (0.43–0.68)	0.65 (0.50–0.84)
Ischemic Stroke
All Patients	321,521	10,641 (3.2)
Hospital Strata					<0.001
White	192,960	6,215 (3.7)	1.00 (ref)	1.00 (ref)
Mixed	100,627	3,161 (3.3)	0.90 (0.77–1.06)	0.93 (0.79–1.10)
Minority	70,128	1,265 (1.9)	0.52 (0.42–0.63)	0.62 (0.50–0.77)

^*Models were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, hospital characteristics (teaching status, bed size, location, region, and annual volume of stroke cases), discharge quarter, weekend admission, modified Charlson Comorbidity Index, APR-DRG severity subclass, insurance status, median household income per patient’s ZIP code, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, valvular disease, anemia, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, cancer, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, chronic kidney disease, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, sepsis, gastrointestinal bleeding, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, dysphagia, craniotomy/craniectomy, cerebral angiography, gastrostomy, mechanical ventilation, and tracheostomy. Models for ICH were additionally adjusted for placement of an external ventricular drain, and models for ischemic stroke were adjusted for IV thrombolysis.