Table 1.

Characteristics of Included Studies

Study	Data Source	Sample	Description	Main Findings
Broder-Fingert et al. (2013)	Research patient data repository at academic medical center	N=3,615 children with ASD	Cross-sectional; Describe racial and ethnic differences in use of specialty provider visits and procedures in children with ASD.	Non-White children were less likely to use specialty care from GI/nutrition providers, neurology, and psychiatry/ psychology and less likely to have had GI studies. Latino children had lower rates of neurologic and other testing.
Doshi et al. (2017)	National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs	N=5,178 total children with ASD and race/ethnicity data from 2005/06 and 2009/10 survey waves	Difference-in-difference-in-difference estimation; Test the effect of state mandates for private insurance coverage of ASD on racial and ethnic disparities.	White children with ASD were more likely to receive coordinated care and have access to family-centered care than non-White children; racial disparities were not affected by insurance mandates.
Lin and Yu (2015)	National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs	N=138 children with ASD for whom English was not the primary language and N=3,840 children for whom English was the primary language	Cross-sectional; Examined health care access in children with ASD from households in which English was not the primary language.	Children from households where English was not the primary language did not differ from children from households where English was the primary language on measures of health care access. Younger, lower-income, and uninsured children were less likely to have received early and continuous access to care.
Liptak et al. (2008)	National Survey of Children’s Health	N=495 children with ASD	Cross-sectional; Examined racial, ethnic, and income-based disparities in access to health care for children with ASD.	Poor, Latino, and/or African American children were less likely to receive care from a specialist, have a personal doctor, be able to obtain phone advice, get acute care in a timely fashion, and use any prescription medicine in the past 12 months than White or higher-income children.
Magaña et al. (2012)	National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs	N=5,109 African American, Latino, and White children with ASD/DD	Cross-sectional; Examined racial and ethnic disparities in provider interaction quality for children with ASD and other DD.	There were significant racial and ethnic disparities in five of six provider interaction quality areas. Children with ASD had poorer provider interaction quality in four of six areas. Racial and ethnic disparities are exacerbated among children with ASD in two of six provider interaction quality areas.
Magaña et al. (2015)	National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs	N2009/2010=7,053; N2005/2006=5,119 African American, Latino, and White children with ASD/DD	Cross-sectional; Used pooled baseline (2005/2006) and follow-up (2009/2010) dataset examined racial and ethnic disparities in provider interaction quality for children with ASD and other DD. Follow-up to Magaña et al. (2012).	There were significant racial and ethnic disparities in five of six (2005/2006) and four of six (2009/2010) provider interaction quality areas. Racial and ethnic disparities are exacerbated among children with ASD in four of six provider interaction quality areas in 2009/2010. Disparities in provider interaction quality did not improve between baseline and follow-up.
Parish et al (2012)	National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs	N=4,414 Latino, and White children with ASD/DD	Cross-sectional; Examined access to, utilization of, and provider interaction quality for Latino children with ASD and DD.	Latino children experienced disparities in all markers of provider interaction quality of care compared to White children. Three of four indicators of provider interaction quality mediated the association between ethnicity and health care utilization.
Tint et al. (2017)	Survey of service needs of adolescents and adults with ASD in Ontario, Canada	N=61 girls and women and N=223 boys and men with ASD	Cross-sectional; Examined clinical needs and health service utilization among women/girls and men/boys with ASD.	Women and girls with ASD were more likely than men and boys with ASD to receive psychiatric or emergency department services. No significant differences on other service types.
Zhang et al. (2017)	Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (embedded within the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality)	N=132,218 children with ASD from rural (N=20,031) and urban (N=112,187) areas as compared to N=36,130,806 children without ASD	Cross-sectional; Examined emergency department utilization for children with ASD, overall, and for children with ASD and multiple comorbidities from both rural and urban areas.	Children with ASD who live in rural areas are more likely to use emergency department (ED) services than children with ASD who live in urban areas. Rural children with ASD and multiple comorbidities were more likely than urban children with ASD and multiple comorbidities to use ED services. Rural families were more likely to travel to urban settings for specialist and ED care because of lack of access in rural areas.