Table 1.

Target Populations and Target Parameters for Selected Recent Applications of G-Methods to Control for Bias due to Mechanisms of the Healthy Worker Survivor Effect

Study Reference	Target Population		Target Parameter
	Study Population	Inception Cohort	Reported Target Parameter	Estimation Method	Measured Time Varying Confounders	True Value of Target Parameter Affected by HWSE Mechanism
Neophytou et al 2014	Aluminum smelter and fabrication workers	No	Hazard ratio for ischemic heart disease while at work, comparing hypothetical intervention in which all workers were always exposed above the cutoff for PM2.5 to one in which all workers were always exposed below the cutoff	IPTW	Composite health score	Yes
Keil & Richardson 2016	Copper smelter workers	No	Cumulative incidence for respiratory cancers, heart disease, and other causes under each intervention on arsenic exposure, compared to the natural course of each disease	G-computation	Employment status	Yes
Neophytou et al 2016	Underground non-metal miners	Yes*	Risk ratio/difference and attributable fraction of lung cancer under interventions eliminating occupational exposure to diesel exhaust	G-computation	Employment status Job location	Yes
Brown et al 2015	Aluminum smelter and fabrication workers	No	12-year cumulative incidence of ischemic heart disease under hypothetical intervention in which all workers remained at work and were exposed above the median PM2.5 compared to one in which all workers were always exposed below median	TMLE	Composite health score Co-morbidities	No
Keil et al 2015	Uranium miners	No	Ratio of median survival times for lung cancer mortality corresponding to a 100 working-level month increase in cumulative radon exposure	G-estimation	Employment status	No
Björ et al 2015	Iron ore miners	No	Hazard ratio for mortality not known to be related to dust exposure, comparing hypothetical intervention in which all workers were exposed above the cutoff for respirable dust during the first 15 years of follow-up to one in which all workers were never exposed above the cutoff	G-estimation	Employment status Sick leave/Time off Job Location	No
Picciotto et al 2015	Autoworkers	Yes	Total number of person-years of life lost in the cohort due to cardiovascular disease that could have been saved by enforcing various exposure limits on certain metalworking fluids	G-estimation	Employment status Intermittent time off Other metalworking fluids	Yes╪
Picciotto et al 2016	Autoworkers	Yes	Average number of years of life lost due to cardiovascular disease that could have been saved per person among the ever-exposed workers by enforcing a ban on exposure to certain metalworking fluids	G-estimation	Employment status Intermittent time off Other metalworking fluids	Yes╪
Costello et al 2016	Aluminum smelter workers	Yes	Hazard ratio for ischemic heart disease while at work, comparing hypothetical intervention in which all workers were always exposed above the cutoff for PM2.5, to one in which all workers were always exposed below the cutoff	IPTW	Composite health score	Yes
	Aluminum fabrication workers	Yes	Ratio of risk within a population of workers who were hired and then assigned to specific jobs by the employer thereby defining their exposure histories to PM2.5 without intervention	Cox Model	Composite health score	Yes

HWSE: Healthy Worker Survivor Effect IPTW: Inverse Probability Weighting TMLE: Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation

PM_2.5: Particulate Matter <2.5μm in diameter

^*Follow-up started at dieselization at each mine so the cohort was an inception cohort with respect to diesel exhaust exposure, though not with respect to employment.

^╪Estimate of model coefficient that is unaffected by HWSE mechanism was combined with data and assumptions to obtain an estimate of a target parameter that is affected by HWSE mechanism.