Table 2. Women's socio-demographic characteristics, early postpartum illness, and postpartum depressive symptoms among rural Bangladeshi women with singleton live births, N=39,434.
| Depressive Symptoms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (0-2) n=34,129 | High (3-5) n=5,305 | |||
| Total, N (%) | N (%) | N% | p-value | |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||
| Maternal age (yrs) | ||||
| ≤ 19 | 20,390 (51.74) | 18,039 (88.47) | 2,351 (11.53) | |
| 20-29 | 15,819 (40.14) | 13,514 (85.43) | 2,305 (14.57) | <0.001 |
| ≥ 30 | 3,202 (8.12) | 2,556 (86.55) | 646 (13.45) | <0.001 |
| Parity | ||||
| Zero | 15,611 (39.62) | 13,890 (88.98) | 1,721 (11.02) | |
| ≥ 1 | 23,788 (60.38) | 20,209 (84.95) | 3,579 (15.05) | <0.001 |
| Maternal education (yrs) | ||||
| None | 18,914 (48.07) | 15,984 (84.51) | 2,930 (15.49) | <0.001 |
| 1-9 | 17,594 (44.72) | 15,474 (87.95) | 2,120 (12.05) | <0.001 |
| ≥10 | 2,836 (7.21) | 2,588 (91.26) | 248 (8.74) | |
| Maternal employment | ||||
| No | 33,674 (85.46) | 29,174 (86.64) | 4,500 (13.36) | |
| Yes | 5,730 (14.54) | 4,930 (86.04) | 800 (13.96) | 0.22 |
| Living standard index | ||||
| 1st quartile (poor) | 10,089 (25.60) | 8,462 (83.87) | 1,627(16.13) | <0.001 |
| 2nd | 10,004 (25.39) | 8,591 (85.88) | 1,413 (14.12) | <0.001 |
| 3rd | 9,617 (24.41) | 8,406 (87.41) | 1,211 (12.59) | <0.001 |
| 4th quartile (rich) | 9,694 (24.60) | 8,645 (89.18) | 1,049 (10.82) | |
| Religion | ||||
| Non-Muslim | 3,187 (8.09) | 2,812 (88.23) | 375 (11.77) | |
| Muslim | 36,217 (91.91) | 31,292 (86.40) | 4,925 (13.60) | <0.01 |
| Maternal Postpartum Illness | ||||
| Reproductive | ||||
| Reproductive tract infection | ||||
| No | 38,002 (97.48) | 32,956 (86.72) | 5,046 (13.28) | |
| Yes | 1,432 (2.52) | 1,173 (81.91) | 259 (18.09) | <0.001 |
| Uterine prolapse | ||||
| No | 38,277 (97.77) | 33,216 (86.78) | 5,061 (13.22) | |
| Yes | 875 (2.23) | 695 (79.43) | 180 (20.57) | <0.001 |
| Urinary | ||||
| Urinary tract infection | ||||
| No | 37,054 (93.96) | 32,216 (86.94) | 4,838 (13.06) | |
| Yes | 2,380 (6.04) | 1,913 (80.38) | 467 (19.62) | <0.001 |
| Stress-related incontinence | ||||
| No | 37,384 (96.83) | 32,547 (87.06) | 4,837 (12.94) | |
| Yes | 1,224 (3.17) | 932 (76.14) | 292 (23.86) | <0.001 |
| Continuously dripping urine | ||||
| No | 39,136 (99.67) | 33,901 (86.62) | 5,235 (13.38) | |
| Yes | 129 (0.33) | 94 (72.87) | 35 (27.13) | <0.001 |
| Neurologic | ||||
| Severe Headache | ||||
| No | 33,265 (85.84) | 29,145 (87.61) | 4,120 (12.39) | |
| Yes | 5,487 (14.16) | 4,499 (81.99) | 988 (18.01) | <0.001 |
| Convulsions | ||||
| No | 39,020 (99.35) | 33,819 (86.67) | 5,201 (13.33) | |
| Yes | 254 (0.65) | 183 (72.05) | 71 (27.95) | <0.001 |
| Nutritional Deficiency | ||||
| Night Blindness | ||||
| No | 37,944 (96.74) | 32,973 (86.90) | 4,971 (13.10) | |
| Yes | 1,278 (3.26) | 990 (77.46) | 288 (22.54) | <0.001 |
| Anemia | ||||
| No | 25,446 (82.33) | 22,751 (89.41) | 2,695 (10.59) | |
| Yes | 7,363 (18.67) | 5,701 (77.43) | 1,662 (22.57) | <0.001 |
| Other Conditions | ||||
| Pneumonia | ||||
| No | 37,501(95.10) | 32,599 (86.93) | 4,902 (13.07) | |
| Yes | 1,933 (4.90) | 1,530 (79.15) | 403 (20.85) | <0.001 |
| Gastroenteritis | ||||
| No | 31,002 (77.89) | 27,177 (87.66) | 3,825 (12.34) | |
| Yes | 8,432 (22.11) | 6,952 (82.45) | 1,480 (17.55) | <0.001 |
| Hepatobiliary Disease | ||||
| No | 39,261 (99.5) | 34,021 (86.65) | 5,240 (13.35) | |
| Yes | 173 (0.45) | 108 (62.43) | 65 (37.57) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin Supplementation Group | ||||
| Beta | 13,174 (33.41) | 11,433(86.78) | 1,741 (13.22) | 0.61 |
| Placebo | 13,152 (33.35) | 11,363(86.40) | 1,789 (13.60) | |
| Vitamin A | 13,108 (33.24) | 11,333 (86.46) | 1,775 (13.54) | |