Table 3. Bivariate and multivariate associations between maternal postpartum morbidities at three months and postpartum depressive symptoms at six months among rural Bangladeshi women with singleton live births.
| Risk of Depressive Symptoms | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Model 1: Semi-adjusted (includes socio-demographics) | Model 2: Fully adjusted (includes all maternal illnesses) | ||||
| Relative Risk (95% CI) | p-value | Relative Risk (95% CI) | p-value | Relative Risk (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Maternal Postpartum Illness | ||||||
| Reproductive | ||||||
| Reproductive tract infection | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 1.36 (1.22-1.53) | <0.001 | 1.29 (1.13-1.49) | <0.001 | 0.90 (0.76-1.06) | 0.21 |
| Uterine prolapse | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 1.56 (1.36-1.78) | <0.001 | 1.46 (1.28-1.8) | <0.001 | 1.20 (1.04-1.39) | 0.01 |
| Urinary | ||||||
| Urinary tract infection | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 1.50 (1.38-1.64) | <0.001 | 1.47 (1.35-1.60) | <0.001 | 1.24 (1.11-1.38) | <0.001 |
| Stress-related incontinence (SRI) and continuously dripping urine (CDU) | ||||||
| No SRI or CDU | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| SRI only | 1.80 (1.62-2.00) | <0.001 | 1.76 (1.59-1.96) | <0.001 | 1.49 (1.33-1.67) | <0.001 |
| CDU only | 1.10 (0.62-1.96) | 0.73 | 1.05 (0.58-1.88) | 0.79 | 0.77 (0.40-1.50) | 0.45 |
| Both SRI and CDU | 2.94 (2.06-4.19) | <0.001 | 2.78 (2.00-3.89) | <0.001 | 2.18 (1.60-2.96) | <0.001 |
| Neurologic | ||||||
| Severe Headache | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 1.45 (1.36-1.55) | <0.001 | 1.38 (1.30-1.47) | <0.001 | 1.20 (1.12-1.28) | <0.001 |
| Convulsions | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 2.10 (1.72-2.56) | <0.001 | 2.02 (1.66-2.46) | <0.001 | 1.67 (1.36-2.06) | <0.001 |
| Nutritional Deficiency | ||||||
| Night Blindness | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 1.72 (1.55-1.91) | <0.001 | 1.57 (1.42-1.75) | <0.001 | 1.33 (1.19-1.49) | <0.001 |
| Anemia | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 2.13 (2.02-2.25) | <0.001 | 1.43 (1.36- 1.51) | <0.001 | 1.38 (1.31-1.46) | <0.001 |
| Other Conditions | ||||||
| Pneumonia | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 1.59 (1.46-1.75) | <0.001 | 1.55 (1.43-1.71) | <0.001 | 1.24 (1.12-1.37) | <0.001 |
| Gastroenteritis | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 1.42 (1.35-1.50) | <0.001 | 1.37 (1.30-1.45) | <0.001 | 1.24 (1.17-1.31) | <0.001 |
| Hepatobiliary Disease | ||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 2.81 (2.32-3.42) | <0.001 | 2.78 (2.30-3.38) | <0.001 | 2.10 (1.69-2.60) | <0.001 |
Model 1 examines each morbidity measure independently, adjusting for maternal age, parity, maternal education, living standard index, religion, village cluster, and vitamin supplementation group
The total sample size for analyses in Model 1 was 39,315, except in the case of uterine prolapse (N=39,038), stress-related incontinence (N=38, 482), severe headache (N=38,639), convulsion (N=39,159), and night blindness (39,107).
In Model 2, all the maternal morbidities are included simultaneously in one model, also adjusting for maternal age, parity, maternal education, living standard index, religion, village cluster, and vitamin supplementation group. Total sample size for Model 2 is 37,811.
The number of missing observations or unknown response were: maternal age=90, parity=29, living standard index=30, religion=30, uterine prolapse=82, stress-related incontinence and continuous dripping=839, night blindness=212, severe headache=682; convulsion=160. No missing or unknown responses were present for reproductive tract infection, urinary tract infection, anemia, gastroenteritis, pneumonia, and hepatobiliary disease.