Table 3.
Adjusted mean difference for systolic and diastolic BP and pulse wave velocity and adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for hypertension prevalence—ACHIEvA study 2015 (N = 1115)
| Characteristic | aSystolic BP, mm Hg | c P value | aDiastolic BP, mm Hg | c P value | Pulse wave velocity, m/s | c P value | bHypertension | c P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIV‐uninfected | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | ||||
| HIV‐infected | −3.3 (−5.3 to −1.2) | 0.002 | −1.5 (−2.9 to −0.2) | 0.027 | −0.3 (−0.4 to −0.1) | 0.002 | 0.7 (0.5‐0.9) | 0.022 |
| Marital status | 0.337 | 0.511 | 0.060 | 0.744 | ||||
| Married | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | ||||
| Separated/divorced | −3.1 (−5.9 to 0.2) | −0.8 (−2.7 to 1.0) | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.4) | 0.6 (0.3‐1.3) | ||||
| Widowed | −0.9 (−4.0 to 2.2) | −1.0 (−3.1 to 1.1) | 0.2 (−0.1 to 0.5) | 0.9 (0.4‐1.8) | ||||
| Single | −1.7 (−10.4 to 7.1) | 0.7 (−5.1 to 6.6) | 0.2 (−0.5 to 0.9) | 2.0 (0.3‐14.4) | ||||
| Employment | 0.113 | 0.138 | 0.046 | 0.047 | ||||
| Self‐employed | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | ||||
| Government/nongovernmental organization | 1.6 (−1.7 to 5.0) | −0.03 (−2.3 to 2.2) | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.4) | 1.3 (0.6‐3.1) | ||||
| Private employer | 1.9 (−1.5 to 5.4) | 1.7 (−0.5 to 4.0) | 0.0 (−0.2 to 0.3) | 1.4 (0.6‐3.4) | ||||
| Unemployed | 1.6 (−1.4 to 4.7) | 0.8 (−1.2 to 2.8) | 0.3 (0.1‐0.6) | 1.7 (0.8‐3.5) | ||||
| Religion | 0.528 | 0.353 | 0.856 | 0.904 | ||||
| Catholic | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | ||||
| Anglican | 1.6 (−0.9 to 4.0) | 0.4 (−1.2 to 2.0) | 0.1 (−0.1 to 0.3) | 1.5 (0.8‐2.8) | ||||
| Muslim | 3.1 (−0.3, 6.5) | 0.7 (−1.6, 2.9) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) | 1.1 (0.5‐2.5) | ||||
| Pentecostal | −0.7 (−4.9, 3.5) | −2.5 (−5.3, 0.3) | −0.2 (−0.5, 0.2) | 1.2 (0.4‐3.6) | ||||
| Other | 1.1 (−10.7, 12.9) | −1.4 (−9.2, 6.5) | −0.3 (−1.3, 0.6) | 0.8 (0.1‐7.0) | ||||
| Smoking status | 0.098d | 0.686d | 0.355d | 0.580d | ||||
| Never smoker | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | ||||
| Current smoker | −2.7 (−6.3 to 0.9) | −2.8 (−52 to 0.4) | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) | 0.3 (0.1‐0.9) | ||||
| Former smoker | 2.7 (−0.4 to 5.8) | −0.3 (−2.3 to 1.8) | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.1) | 0.9 (0.4‐2.1) | ||||
| Alcohol consumption, g/wke | 0.003d | <0.002d | 0.549d | 0.610d | ||||
| 0 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | ||||
| <20(women) and <40(men) | −0.6 (−3.9 to 2.6) | −0.4 (−2.5 to 1.8) | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.1) | 1.0 (0.5‐2.1) | ||||
| >20(women) and >40(men) | 5.3 (2.4‐8.2) | 3.6 (1.7‐5.6) | −0.0 (−0.2 to 0.2) | 1.7 (0.8‐3.4) | ||||
| Perceived stress (quintiles) | 0.842d | 0.083d | 0.802d | 0.545d | ||||
| First | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | ||||
| Second | −0.9 (−4.2 to 2.3) | 0.5 (−1.7 to 2.6) | −0.0 (−0.3 to 0.2) | 0.5 (0.3‐1.2) | ||||
| Third | 0.4 (−2.9 to 3.7) | 0.2 (−1.9 to 2.4) | −0.0 (−0.3 to 0.2) | 0.7 (0.3‐1.6) | ||||
| Fourth | 0.2 (−3.1 to 3.5) | 1.2 (−1.9 to 2.4) | 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.4) | 0.8 (0.3‐1.8) | ||||
| Fifth | −1.0 (−4.3 to 2.2) | 1.8 (−0.4 to 3.9) | −0.0 (−0.3 to 0.2) | 1.0 (−0.3 to 2.4) | ||||
| Asset index | 0.275d | 0.173d | 0.014d | 0.055d | ||||
| Average | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | ||||
| Poorest | 0.5 (−2.9 to 3.8) | 0.5 (−1.8 to 2.8) | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) | 0.6 (0.3‐1.7) | ||||
| Poorer | 0.6 (−2.6 to 3.8) | 0.2 (−1.9 to 2.4) | −0.0 (−0.3 to 0.2) | 0.7 (0.3‐1.6) | ||||
| Richer | 0.1 (−3.1 to 3.4) | −0.2 (−2.3 to 2.0) | 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.3) | 0.9 (0.4‐2.1) | ||||
| Richest | 1.6 (−1.7 to 4.9) | 2.0 (−0.2 to 4.2) | 0.2 (−0.1 to 0.4) | 1.4 (0.6‐3.2) | ||||
| METS h/wk | 0.040d | 0.321d | 0.001d | 0.507d | ||||
| 0 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | ||||
| 1‐3 | −1.5 (−4.5 to 1.6) | −0.1 (−2.9 to 2.0) | 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.3) | 1.0 (0.5‐2.0) | ||||
| 3‐10 | −1.1 (−3.9 to 1.6) | −1.3 (−3.2 to 0.5) | −0.2 (−0.4 to 0.1) | 1.0 (0.5‐1.9) | ||||
| 10‐20 | −5.1 (−8.7 to −1.6) | −2.7 (−5.1 to −0.4) | −0.6 (−0.9 to −0.4) | 1.0 (0.4‐2.6) | ||||
| >20 | −1.9 (−5.6 to 1.8) | 0.7 (−1.8 to 3.1) | −0.2 (−0.5 to 0.1) | 0.5 (0.2‐1.5) |
Abbreviations: ACHIEvA, Aging and Cardiovascular Diseases in HIV Patients of East Africa study; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; METS, metabolic equivalents.
a
Average of same sitting second and third blood pressure (BP) measurements.
b
Hypertension defined as systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg, diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg, and/or self‐reported antihypertensive drug use.
c
Chi‐square test unless otherwise specified.
d
Test of trend based on median value within each category.
e
Definition based on number of days consumed alcohol over the past 30 days and the average number of drinks per drinking session.