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. 2017 Nov 17;7:15765. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-15887-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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In Vivo DAPS Implantation: Immature constructs. (A) Study design: After 5 weeks of in vitro culture, AF/NP DAPS were implanted into the caudal spines of athymic rats using an external fixation device to stabilize the implantation space. (B) Mechanical testing with optical displacement tracking: After 5 weeks in vivo, vertebra-DAPS-vertebra segments were tested in compression using an optical displacement tracking technique to measure deformation. Scale: 1 mm. (C) Representative stress-strain curves: Similar to native disc segments, DAPS had a nonlinear stress-strain response with distinct toe and linear regions. (D) Mechanical properties: There were no significant differences between toe and linear region moduli of DAPS constructs and native discs. The primary difference was in the transition and maximum strains, which were higher in the DAPS group. (ns, non-significant; **p < 0.01).