Table 1.
Direct techniques | Microscopy | AFM,a STM,b BF-TEMc |
Scattering | SANSd | |
Spectroscopy | IRRASe | |
Indirect techniques | Spectroscopy | NMR,f SERS,g ESR,h IRi |
Mass spectrometry | MALDI,j IM-MSk |
aKuna et al. (2009); bBiscarini et al. (2013), Centrone et al. (2007), Jackson et al. (2006), Moglianetti et al. (2014), and Ong et al. (2013, 2014); cPercebom et al. (2016); dMoglianetti et al. (2014); eBourone et al. (2016), Sarangi and Patnaik (2014), fGuarino et al. (2012), Liu et al. (2012), Pradhan et al. (2009), and Şologan et al. (2016b); gStewart et al. (2012); hGentilini et al. (2009), Lucarini and Pasquato (2010), and Posocco et al. (2012); iCentrone et al. (2007), jFarrell et al. (2015), and Harkness et al. (2010); kHarkness et al. (2011)