Table 2.
Hazard ratios (HR) and confidence intervals (CI) examining associations between dog ownership and CVD outcomes in the National Cohort (n = 3,432,153) using Cox proportional hazards regression with attained age as time-scale.
| Cardiovascular disease | Number of events | Person-years at risk | Crude1 HR (95% CI) | Adjusted2 HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acute Myocardial Infarction | 172,999 | 37,773,460 | 0.93 (0.92–0.96) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) |
| Ischemic Stroke | 136,305 | 37,866,672 | 0.94 (0.92–0.96) | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) |
| Hemorrhagic Stroke | 41,286 | 38,274,834 | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) |
| Heart failure | 107,843 | 38,089,903 | 0.93 (0.90–0.96) | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) |
| Composite CVD3 | 399,600 | 36,910,720 | 0.94 (0.93–0.96) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) |
| CVD mortality4 | 76,106 | 38,408,267 | 0.68 (0.65–0.71) | 0.77 (0.73–0.80) |
| All–Cause mortality | 502,896 | 38,408,267 | 0.72 (0.71–0.73) | 0.80 (0.79–0.82) |
1Adjusted for sex. 2Adjusted for sex, marital status, presence of children in the home, population density, area of residence, region of birth, income and latitude. 3Composite CVD comprises all incident (fatal and non-fatal) ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, hemorrhagic stroke and heart failure cases. 4Representing death from ischemic strokes, myocardial infarction, hemorrhagic stroke and heart failure.