Table 2.
Multivariate Cox regression analysis of prognostic factors influencing survival outcomes in overall patient cohort
| Characteristics | Overall survival
|
Bladder cancer-specific survival
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p-Value | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p-Value | |
| Age at diagnosis, years | ||||
| ≤60 | 0.469 (0.353–0.623) | <0.001 | 0.492 (0.366–0.660) | <0.001 |
| 61–70 | 0.598 (0.459–0.781) | <0.001 | 0.594 (0.450–0.784) | <0.001 |
| 71–80 | 0.746 (0.576–0.966) | 0.026 | 0.765 (0.585–1.001) | 0.051 |
| >80 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Gender | ||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | ||
| Female | 0.977 (0.799–1.195) | 0.821 | 0.989 (0.804–1.217) | 0.917 |
| Race | ||||
| White | Reference | Reference | ||
| Black | 0.957 (0.699–1.310) | 0.783 | 0.905 (0.651–1.260) | 0.555 |
| Other | 1.201 (0.799–1.852) | 0.407 | 1.160 (0.738–1.822) | 0.521 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Unmarried | Reference | 0.311 | Reference | 0.427 |
| Married | 0.909 (0.756–1.093) | 0.926 (0.765–1.120) | ||
| Grade | ||||
| G1 | Reference | Reference | ||
| G2 | 1.800 (0.597–5.431) | 0.297 | 1.534 (0.503–4.683) | 0.452 |
| G3 | 1.830 (0.666–5.032) | 0.242 | 1.715 (0.624–4.715) | 0.296 |
| Tumor size, cm | ||||
| ≤2 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 2–5 | 1.202 (0.805–1.795) | 0.369 | 1.144 (0.760–1.722) | 0.518 |
| >5 | 1.237 (0.831–1.842) | 0.294 | 1.162 (0.775–1.743) | 0.467 |
| T stage | ||||
| T1 | Reference | Reference | ||
| T2 | 0.924 (0.718–1.189) | 0.540 | 0.925 (0.712–1.201) | 0.558 |
| T3 | 1.313 (0.919–1.875) | 0.135 | 1.349 (0.936–1.945) | 0.109 |
| T4 | 1.407 (1.022–1.937) | 0.036 | 1.427 (1.026–1.984) | 0.035 |
| N stage | ||||
| N0 | Reference | Reference | ||
| N1 | 1.008 (0.753–1.350) | 0.959 | 1.001 (0.740–1.353) | 0.996 |
| N2 | 1.037 (0.818–1.314) | 0.767 | 1.028 (0.805–1.313) | 0.823 |
| N3 | 1.025 (0.728–1.443) | 0.886 | 0.948 (0.661–1.360) | 0.774 |
| Sites of distant metastases | ||||
| Bone – yes vs no | 1.679 (1.204–2.340) | 0.002 | 1.659 (1.172–2.349) | 0.004 |
| Brain – yes vs no | 2.462 (1.450–4.181) | 0.001 | 2.461 (1.428–4.240) | 0.001 |
| Liver – yes vs no | 2.038 (1.458–2.848) | <0.001 | 1.935 (1.362–2.747) | <0.001 |
| Lung – yes vs no | 1.995 (1.393–2.745) | <0.001 | 1.887 (1.323–2.693) | <0.001 |
| Distant nodes – yes vs no | 1.262 (0.896–1.777) | 0.183 | 1.207 (0.844–1.726) | 0.304 |
| The number of distant metastases | 0.376 | |||
| Single-site metastasis | Reference | Reference | ||
| Multisite metastases | 0.777 (0.507–1.193) | 0.250 | 0.818 (0.525–1.276) | |
| Radical cystectomy | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | 0.004 | |
| Yes | 0.600 (0.440–0.818) | 0.001 | 0.632 (0.462–0.865) | |
| Metastasectomy | ||||
| No | Reference | 0.359 | Reference | 0.307 |
| Yes | 1.202 (0.811–1.779) | 1.232 (0.825–1.840) | ||