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. 2017 Nov 14;8:1562. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01562

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Copyright © 2017 Alnahas, Hagner, Raifer, Kilic, Gasteiger, Mutters, Hellhund, Prinz, Pinkenburg, Visekruna, Garn and Steinhoff.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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IL-17 is a key cytokine of M. catarrhalis-induced exacerbation of AAI. C57BL/6 (white bars) and IL-17 KO animals (black bars) were infected (i.n.) with 2 × 10⁸ CFU M. catarrhalis after the second HDM exposure. BAL and lungs were analyzed at day 23. (A) Protocol. (B) Total cell counts in BAL. (C) Differential cell counts. (D) Representative periodic acid Schiff-stained airways. (E) Goblet cell counts in lung tissues. (F) Inflammation score. (G) Intracellular staining of CD4⁺ lung T cells for IL-17A, IFN-γ, IL-5, and IL-13. Data were from two independent experiments, n = 8 mice per group. ***P = 0.001, **P = 0.01, and *P = 0.05 (one-way ANOVA). AAI, allergic airway inflammation; HDM, house dust mite; BAL, bronchoaleveolar lavage; ANOVA, analysis of variance.