Table 5.
Unconditional growth models of PYD total score and higher order factors
| PYD | CBC | PA | PIT | GPYDQ | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | ||
| Fixed effects | |||||||||||
| Intercept | β 0j | ||||||||||
| Intercept | γ 00 | 4.493c | .013 | 4.444c | .013 | 4.490c | .015 | 4.240c | .017 | 4.565c | .012 |
| Linear slope | β 1j | ||||||||||
| Time | γ 10 | −.046c | .008 | −.015 | .009 | −.072c | .010 | −.061c | .011 | −.038c | .008 |
| Quadratic slope | β 2j | ||||||||||
| Time2 | γ 20 | .008c | .001 | .004a | .002 | .012c | .002 | .007b | .002 | .007c | .002 |
| Random effects | |||||||||||
| Level 1 (within) | |||||||||||
| Residual | r ij | .112c | .002 | .189c | .003 | .254c | .004 | .275b | .005 | .123c | .002 |
| Level 2 (between) | |||||||||||
| Intercept | u 0j | .381c | .013 | .373c | .014 | .521c | .019 | .659c | .023 | .384c | .013 |
| Time | u 1j | .064c | .005 | .064c | .007 | .108c | .010 | .108c | .010 | .072c | .005 |
| Time2 | u 2j | .002c | .000 | .002c | .000 | .003c | .000 | .003c | .000 | .002c | .000 |
| Fit statistics | |||||||||||
| Deviance | 20627.799 | 27442.065 | 33474.337 | 35460.865 | 22720.234 | ||||||
| AIC | 20647.799 | 27462.065 | 33494.337 | 35480.865 | 22740.234 | ||||||
| BIC | 20723.857 | 27538.859 | 33105.147 | 35557.897 | 22816.827 | ||||||
| df | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | ||||||
| PVRr | 11.3 % | 6.4 % | 9.4 % | 7.8 % | 11.5 % | ||||||
PYD Positive youth development total scale, CBC Cognitive−behavioral competence, PA Positive attributes, PIT Positive identity, GPYDQ General positive youth development, r proportional reduction in variance, the proportion of incremental variance explained by quadratic model relative to linear model; c: p < .001; b: p < .01; a: p < .05