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. 2017 Nov 14;8:929. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00929

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Copyright © 2017 Iyyanar and Nazarali.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Hoxa2 regulates canonical BMP signaling in the developing palate. Gene expression of BMP ligands, Bmp2 (A) and Bmp4 (B) were upregulated in Hoxa2^−/− palatal shelves at E13.5 and E15.5. qRT-PCR data (n = 4 biological replicates) were normalized to β-actin (mean ± S.E.M; unpaired t-test, ^*p < 0.05; ^***p < 0.001). Representative immunoblot (C) of pSMAD 1/5/8 from the developing palate of wild-type and Hoxa2^−/− embryos at E15.5. (D) Densitometric analysis represents the relative expression of pSMAD 1/5/8 normalized to SMAD 1/5/8 and represented relative to wild-type (n = 4 biological replicates; mean ± S.E.M; unpaired t-test, ^*p < 0.05).