Table 2.
Chemical composition of some common Mediterranean plant essential oils.
| Some of main Single constituents |
Kia | Kib | Percentagec | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apiaceae | Lamiaceae | Verbenaceae | Identificationd | ||||||||
| Anise | Caraway | Lavender | Marjoram | Oregano | Sage | Thyme | Vervain | ||||
| α-Thujene | 930 | 1,035 | — | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 0.4 ± 0.0 | T | — | 1, 2 |
| α-Pinene | 938 | 1,032 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | — | 9.0 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.0 | 4.4 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 1, 2, 3 |
| (-)-Camphene | 953 | 1,076 | — | — | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 4.1 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | — | 1, 2, 3 |
| Sabinene | 973 | 1,132 | T | 1.0 ± 0.1 | T | 1.1 ± 0.1 | T | 0.4 ± 0.0 | T | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 1, 2, 3 |
| β-Pinene | 978 | 1,118 | — | 7.4 ± 0.4 | — | 3.8 ± 0.9 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | — | T | 1, 2, 3 |
| cis-Pinane | 980 | — | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | — | 0.1 ± 0.0 | — | — | — | 1, 2 | |
| Myrcene | 993 | 1,174 | — | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | — | 1, 2, 3 |
| α-Phellandrene | 995 | 1,176 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | T | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | T | T | — | 1, 2, 3 |
| o-Cymene | 1,020 | 1,187 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 41.9 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 56.2 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 1, 2, 3 |
| p-Cymene | 1,024 | 1,280 | — | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | — | 1, 2, 3 |
| β-Phellandrene | 1,029 | 1,218 | T | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 9.1 ± 0.5 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 1, 2, 3 |
| Limonene | 1,030 | 1,203 | — | 14.3 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 6.4 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 1, 2, 3 |
| 1,8-Cineole | 1,034 | 1,213 | — | 0.1 ± 0.0 | T | 33.5 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | T | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 1, 2 |
| (Z)-β-Ocimene | 1,038 | 1,246 | T | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | T | T | T | T | 1, 2, 3 |
| (E)-β-Ocimene | 1,049 | 1,280 | — | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | T | T | T | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 1, 2, 3 |
| γ-Terpinene | 1,057 | 1,255 | T | T | T | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.4 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 1, 2, 3 |
| Linalool | 1,097 | 1,553 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 23.1 ± 0.2 | 9.8 ± 0.7 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.06 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 1, 2, 3 |
| trans-Thujone | 1,115 | 1,449 | — | 0.1 ± 0.0 | — | T | — | 37.9 ± 0.1 | — | — | 1, 2, 3 |
| trans-Pinocarveol | 1,138 | 1,654 | — | T | T | 0.1 ± 0.0 | T | 0.2 ± 0.0 | T | T | 1, 2 |
| (-)-Citronellal | 1,143 | 1,491 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | — | 1, 2, 3 |
| iso-Borneol | 1,144 | 1,633 | — | — | — | 0.1 ± 0.0 | — | — | 0.1 ± 0.0 | — | 1, 2, 3 |
| Camphor | 1,145 | 1,532 | — | T | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | T | 13.9 ± 0.7 | T | — | 1, 2, 3 |
| iso-Pinocamphone | 1,153 | 1,566 | — | T | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | T | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 1, 2 |
| trans-Pinocamphone | 1,159 | — | 4.3 ± 0.9 | — | T | T | 0.3 ± 0.0 | T | T | 1, 2 | |
| Borneol | 1,167 | 1,719 | — | — | 6.3 ± 0.9 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 7.6 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 1, 2, 3 |
| Terpinen-4-ol | 1,176 | 1,611 | — | T | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | T | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 1, 2, 3 |
| Dihydrocarveol | 1,177 | — | — | 0.4 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | — | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | — | 1, 2 | |
| p-Cymen-8-ol | 1,185 | 1,864 | — | — | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | T | T | 1, 2 |
| α-Terpineol | 1,189 | 1,706 | T | T | 0.4 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | T | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 1, 2, 3 |
| Myrtenal | 1,193 | 1,648 | — | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | — | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | — | 1, 2 |
| Estragole | 1,195 | 1,670 | — | 65.0 ± 0.9 | — | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | T | — | — | 1, 2, 3 |
| Myrtenol | 1,196 | 1,804 | — | — | 0.4 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | — | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | — | 1, 2 |
| Isobornyl formate | 1,228 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 45.4 ± 0.9 | 1, 2 | |
| Linalyl acetate | 1,248 | 1,565 | — | — | 44.4 ± 0.7 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | — | — | 1, 2, 3 |
| Geraniol | 1,255 | 1,857 | — | — | 9.3 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | — | 0.3 ± 0.0 | — | — | 1, 2 |
| cis-Anethole | 1,262 | 97.1 ± 0.4 | T | — | --- | — | — | — | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 1, 2 | |
| (E)-Citral | 1,270 | 1,727 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 44.5 ± 0.9 | 1, 2, 3 |
| Isobornyl acetate | 1,277 | — | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | T | 0.7 ± 0.0 | T | T | 1, 2 | |
| Bornyl acetate | 1,284 | 1,591 | — | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | T | 0.9 ± 0.0 | T | T | 1, 2 |
| Thymol | 1,290 | 2,198 | — | — | — | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | T | 8.7 ± 0.9 | — | 1, 2, 3 |
| Carvacrol | 1,297 | 2,239 | — | — | — | 4.1 ± 0.9 | 44.0 ± 0.9 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 24.4 ± 0.9 | — | 1, 2, 3 |
| Terpinyl acetate | 1,333 | — | — | — | 0.5 ± 0.0 | — | — | — | — | 1, 2 | |
| α-Copaene | 1,377 | 1,497 | — | T | T | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | T | T | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 1, 2 |
| Geranyl acetate | 1,379 | 1,765 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1, 2 |
| Isoledene | 1,382 | — | T | T | T | 0.1 ± 0.0 | T | T | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 1, 2 | |
| β-Caryophyllene | 1,418 | 1,612 | T | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.9 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 1, 2 |
| β-Cedrene | 1,424 | 1,638 | — | — | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | — | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 1, 2 |
| α-Humulene | 1,455 | 1,689 | — | T | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 5.9 ± 0.9 | T | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 1, 2 |
| α-7-epi-Selinene | 1,518 | 1,740 | — | T | — | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | T | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 1, 2 |
| Caryophyllene oxide | 1,580 | 2,008 | — | — | 0.4 ± 0.0 | — | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | — | — | 1, 2 |
|
| |||||||||||
| Total compounds | 98.3 | 98 | 97.0 | 97 | 98.9 | 98.7 | 99.1 | 97.6 | |||
aKovats retention index on an HP-5 MS column. bKovats retention index on an HP INNOWax column. cT, trace, less than 0.05%. A dash indicates absent. d1, Kovats retention index; 2, mass spectrum; 3, coinjection with authentic compound.