Table 1.
Basal clinical characteristics and echocardiographic parameters of the studied T2DM patients.
| Basal clinical characteristics | Liraglutide (n = 33) | Glimepiride (n = 29) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 61 (7.6) | 63 (6.8) | 0.240a |
| Male sex | 24 (72.7) | 21 (72.4) | 1.000b |
| Diabetes duration, years | 5 (1, 10) | 3 (1, 7) | 0.368c |
| Smoking | 3 (9.1) | 4 (13.8) | 0.852b |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 30.5 (4.4) | 29.0 (3.2) | 0.152a |
| Body weight, kg | 91.8 (15.9) | 89.0 (9.9) | 0.411a |
| Waist circumference, cm | 109.0 (13.0) | 106.3 (9.7) | 0.366a |
| Mean systolic BP, mmHg | 139 (17) | 137 (12) | 0.541a |
| Mean diastolic BP, mmHg | 83 (9) | 83 (8) | 0.719a |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.72 m2 | 88.3 (15.0) | 87.4 (13.1) | 0.654 |
| Complications | |||
| Hypertension | 29 (87.9) | 21 (72.4) | 0.224b |
| Hyperlipidemia | 25 (75.8) | 23 (79.3) | 0.980b |
| Coronary artery disease | 10 (30.3) | 11 (37.9) | 0.714b |
| Stroke | 1 (3) | 2 (6.9) | 0.902b |
| Proliferative retinopathy | 1 (3) | 1 (3.4) | 1.000b |
| Treatment | |||
| Antiplatelet therapy | 11 (33.3) | 12 (41.4) | 0.696b |
| Anticoagulant treatment | 3 (9.1) | 1 (3.4) | 0.714b |
| ACE inhibitors/ARB blockers | 25 (75.8) | 20 (69.0) | 0.754b |
| Beta-blockers | 14 (42.4) | 13 (44.8) | 1.000b |
| Calcium inhibitors | 13 (39.4) | 10 (34.5) | 0.894b |
| Diuretics | 11 (33.3) | 6 (20.7) | 0.408b |
| Statins | 22 (66.7) | 24 (82.8) | 0.248b |
| Biochemical parameters | |||
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 54 (50, 60) | 50 (49, 54) | 0.036c |
| Triglycerides, mmol/l | 2.0 (1.4, 2.6) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.2) | 0.029c |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 4.4 (4.0, 6.0) | 4.5 (3.7, 4.8) | 0.370c |
| LDL-cholesterol, mmol/l | 2.8 (1.2) | 2.5 (1.0) | 0.440a |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/l | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | 0.417a |
| CRP, mg/l | 2.0 (1.0, 4.0) | 1.0 (0.9, 2.4) | 0.016c |
| NT-proBNP, mg/l | 63 (35, 104) | 50 (35, 146) | 0.621c |
| Echocardiographic parameters | Liraglutide (n = 26) | Glimepiride (n = 22) | p Value |
| LV and atrial dimensions | |||
| LVSV, ml | 80.2 (17.1) | 76.4 (13.4) | 0.376a |
| LVED diameter, mm | 51.0 (6.5) | 48.0 (6.3) | 0.096a |
| LVES diameter, mm | 37.8 (8.7) | 33.8 (8.1) | 0.097a |
| Left atrial volume, ml | 73.8 (23.9) | 54.3 (16.6) | 0.013a |
| Systolic function | |||
| LVEF at rest, % | 53.6 (11.5) | 53.7 (9.2) | 0.994 |
| GLS at rest, % | −15.3 (4.3) | −16.5 (3.7) | 0.319a |
| s′ at rest, cm/s | 5.7 (1.1) | 5.7 (1.0) | 0.918a |
| s′ during exercise, cm/s | 8.6 (2.1) | 9.4 (1.8) | 0.132a |
| LFRIsystolicd | 2.4 (1.1) | 3.0 (1.3) | 0.058a |
| Diastolic function | |||
| E-wave at rest, cm/s | 66.9 (14.1) | 66.8 (14.1) | 0.987 |
| e′ at rest, cm/s | 5.5 (1.1) | 5.5 (1.2) | 0.929a |
| E/e′ at rest | 12.5 (3.4) | 12.3 (2.7) | 0.880a |
| e′ during exercise, cm/s | 8.0 (1.7) | 8.7 (1.7) | 0.127a |
| LFRIdiastolicd | 2.0 (1.1) | 2.6 (1.1) | 0.625a |
Quantitative data are mean (SD) or median (Q1, Q3), and categorical data are n (%).
aStudent’s t-test was used.
bDoubled one-sided p value of Fisher’ exact test was used.
cMann–Whitney U test was used.
dNote that LFRI has no magnitude.
ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; BP, blood pressure; CRP, C-reactive protein; E, early diastolic peak velocity; e′, early diastolic mitral annulus velocity; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLS, global longitudinal strain; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HR, heart rate; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide; LFRI, longitudinal function reserve index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVSV, left ventricular stroke volume; LVED, left ventricular end-diastolic; LVES, left ventricular end-systolic; s′, peak systolic annular velocity.