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. 2017 Nov 15;8:1529. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01529

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Copyright © 2017 Amadio, Parisi, Piras, Fabbrizio, Apolloni, Montilli, Luchetti, Ruggieri, Gasperini, Laghi-Pasini, Battistini and Volonté.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) chemokine colocalizes with P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) on astrocytes in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) frontal cortex. Triple immunofluorescence confocal analysis performed on sections of frontal cortex from control (A–D) and SPMS (E–H) with antibodies for P2X7R [(A,E), red], MCP-1 [(B,F), green], and glial fibrillary acidic protein [(C,G), blue] shows colocalization [(D,H), white signal] and strong up-regulation of signals in white matter of SPMS (E–H).