Table 1.
Genetic engineering to improve the production of artemisinin in Artemisia Annua.
| Type | Overexpressed enzymes | Artemisinin yield | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Upstream key enzymes | FPS | 13.0 mg/g (DW) | Han et al., 2006 Banyai et al., 2010a Chen et al., 2000 |
| HMGR | 1.7 mg/g (DW) | Aquil et al., 2009 | |
| 0.6 mg/g (DW) | Nafis et al., 2011 | ||
| AaIPP1 | 2.5 mg/g (DW) | Ma et al., 2017a | |
| AaHDR1 | 0.09 mg/g (FW) | Ma et al., 2017b | |
| Artemisinin biosynthesis enzymes | DXR | 1.21 mg/g (DW) | Xiang et al., 2012 |
| with related key enzymes | CYP71AV1 and POR | 0.98 mg/g (FW) | Shen et al., 2012 |
| HMGR and ADS | 1.73 mg/g (DW) | Alam and Abdin, 2011 | |
| FPS and ADS | 26 mg/g (DW) | Han et al., 2016 | |
| FPS, CYP71AV1, POR | 2.90 mg/g (FW) | Chen et al., 2013 | |
| ADS, CYP71AV1, ALDH1, and POR | Shi et al., 2017 | ||
| ADS, CYP71AV1, POR | 15.1 mg/g (DW) | Lu et al., 2013a | |
| DBR2 | 22.35 mg/g (DW) | Tang et al., 2012b | |
| ALDH1 | 25.34 mg/g (DW) | Tang et al., 2012a | |
| Competitive pathway enzymes | SQS | 31.0 mg/g (DW) | Zhang et al., 2009 |
| CPS | 3.56 mg/g (DW) | Chen et al., 2011 | |
| Transcription factors | AaWRKY | 14.2 mg/g (DW) | Jiang et al., 2016 |
| AaERF1 and AaERF2 | 9.1 and 8.1 mg/g (DW) | Yu et al., 2012 | |
| AaORA | 11.9 mg/g (DW) | Lu et al., 2013b | |
| AaMYC2 | 15.3 mg/g (DW) | Shen et al., 2016a | |
| AaNAC1 | 23.5 mg/g (DW) | Lv et al., 2016 | |
| Others | Rol B | 7.30 ug/g (DW) | |
| Rol C | 3.33 ug/g (DW) | Dilshad et al., 2015b | |
| AaPYL9 | 1.80 mg/g (FW) | Zhang et al., 2013 | |
| AtCRY1 | 1.65 mg/g (DW) | Hong et al., 2009 |