Table 2. Gene expression of hearts with AVO at one and three days compared with controls.

	Controls	AVO day 1	Mann-Whitney U-test p-value	AVO day 3	Mann-Whitney U-test p-value	Kruskall-Wallis test p-value
ANP	1.00 ± 0.22	2.64 ± 0.57	0.019	2.08 ± 0.66	0.165	0.055
MMP9	1.00 ± 0.39	9.64 ± 2.33	0.003	5.84 ± 1.37	0.006	0.005
TGFβ	1.00 ± 0.12	4.06 ± 0.80	0.002	2.96 ± 0.33	0.004	0.003
YKL40	1.00 ± 0.26	10.79 ± 1.70	0.001	3.91 ± 0.60	0.003	0.001

Values are expressed as mean ± standard error of mean.

ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide; AVO, acute volume-overload; MMP9, matrix metalloproteinase 9; TGFβ, tumor growth factor β; YKL40, chitinase 3-like protein.