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. 2017 Sep 26;7(17):4168–4182. doi: 10.7150/thno.21274

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Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and circulating EVs have potential therapeutic effects in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) EVs derived from different types of stem cells (e.g., MSCs, ESCs, CPCs, and DCs) (A) exert evident beneficial effects in MI, I/R injury, stroke, and pulmonary hypertension, which are mediated via suppression of CM apoptosis, stimulation of angiogenesis, reduction of oxidative stress, and attenuation of fibrosis. Circulating EVs (B) also reduce CM apoptosis and protect against I/R injury. MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; ESC, embryonic stem cell; CPC, cardiac progenitor cell; DC, dendritic cell; CM, cardiomyocyte; MI, myocardial injury; I/R, ischemia/reperfusion.