Table 2.

Cardioprotective effect and mechanism of action of curcumin in preclinical studies.

Target HDAC or HAT	Molecular pathway	Experimental model	Cardiovascular effect	Reference
↑ Sirt1	↓ TGF-β, Col III, Col I	TAC induced myocardial infraction In vivo Ang II-Induced hypertrophy In vitro	↓ infract area ↓ fibrosis ↓ hypertrophy	[77]
↑ Sirt1	↑ SOD ↑ Bcl2, ↓ Bax	Isolated ischemia-reperfusion model Ex vivo TAC induced myocardial infraction In vivo Simulated ischemia-reperfusion model In vitro	Improved post-ischemic cardiac function ↓ myocardial infract size ↓ apoptotic index ↓ oxidative stress Preserved serum CK activity ↓ LDH serum levels	[42]
↑ Sirt1	↑ eNOS ↓ p21	H2O2-induced endothelial premature senescence In vitro	↓ premature senescence ↓ oxidative stress ↓ apoptosis Preverved NO synthesis	[79]
↑ Sirt1	↑ AMPKα ↑ LXR-α ↑ ATP binding cassette transporter 1	Atherogenic model In vitro	Antiatherogenic ↓ cellular cholesterol ↑ cholesterol efflux from THP-1	[78]
↓ p300-HAT	↓ acetylation of histones 3 and 4	LPS-induced cardiac hypertrophy In vivo	↓ cardiac hypertrophy	[83]
↓ p300-HAT	↓ TGF-β/Smad2	High glucose-induced cardiac hypertrophy In vitro Streptozotocin-induced cardiac dysfunction In vivo	↓ cardiac hypertrophy ↓ extracellular matrix production ↑ diastolic function	[81]
↓ p300-HAT	↓ GATA4 ↓ NF-κB ↓ acetylation of histones 3 and 4	TAC induced myocardial Infraction In vivo PE-induced hypertrophy In vitro	↓ LV wall thickness Preserved systolic function ↓ hypertrophy	[77]
↓ p300-HAT	↓ Ac-p53 ↓ ANF, β-MHC ↓ Bax, Cyt c, caspase 3, and PARP	TAC induced myocardial Infraction In vivo Ang II-Induced hypertrophy In vitro	↓ hypertrophy ↓ apoptosis	[80]
↓ p300-HAT	↓ GATA4 ↓ p53	Hypoxia-induced hypertrophy model In vitro	Stabilized mitochondrial membrane potential Restored lactate, acetyl-coA pyruvate, and glucose levels	[82]

AMPK: adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase; ANF: atrial natriuretic factor; Ang II: angiotensin II; B-MHC: myosin heavy chain B; CK: creatine kinase; Cyt-c: cytochrome c; EF: ejection fraction; eNOS: endothelial nitrix oxide synthase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; LXR-α: liver X receptor α; LV: left ventricular; NE: norepinephrine; PAI-I: plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; PARP: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; PGC1-α: peroxisome proliferator activator of transcription (PPARy) coactivator 1α; PE: phenylephrine TAC: transverse aortic constriction; SOD: superoxide dismutase.