Table 3.

Other emerging cardioprotective phytochemicals regulating protein acetylation.

Phytochemical	Target HDAC or HAT	Molecular pathway	Model	Cardiovascular effect	Reference
Honokiol	↑ Sirt3	↓ collagen, B-MHC, and ANF	TAC induced heart failure model In vivo PE and Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy In vitro	Blocks cardiac hypertrophic response Ameliorates preexisting hypertrophy ↓ oxidative stress	[37]
Oroxylin A	↑ Sirt3	↑ aldehyde dehydrogenase	Insulin-induced cardiac dysfunction In vitro	Preserved cardiac myocyte contractility	[87]
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate	↑ Sirt1	↑ AMPK-α ↑ eNOS	High-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia In vivo	↓ serum cholesterol ↓ oxidative stress Improved morphology of myocardial tissue	[90]
		↓ Ac-FoxO1 ↓ Nrf2	High-glucose-induced-autophagy In vitro	↓ ROS ↓ autophagy	[89]
Quercetin	↑ Sirt1	↑ AMPK-α ↑ eNOS ↓ NOX2 ↓ NOX4 ↓ NF-κB	OxLDL-induced endothelial oxidative stress In vitro	Preserved mitochondrial function ↓ inflammation	[91]
Berberine	↑ Sirt1	↑ SOD ↑ Bcl-2 ↓ Bax, caspase 3	Ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial Infraction In vivo Simulated ischemia/reperfusion model In vitro	↓ infract size ↓ oxidative stress ↓ apoptosis ↓ LDH Maintained LVEF and LVFS Inhibited increase in IL-6 and TNF-α	[92]
Bakuchiol	↑ Sirt1	GC-1α ↑ Bcl2 ↓ Bax, caspase 3 ↑ SOD, SDH, Cyt-c oxidase	Ischemia reperfusion-induced myocardial infraction Ex vivo Simulated ischemia/reperfusion model In vitro Rat cardiac myocytes	↓ apoptosis ↓ oxidative stress Maintained mitochondrial bioenergetics	[93]
n-Tyrosol	↑ Sirt1	↑ Akt ↑ eNOS ↑ Foxo3a	TAC induced myocardial infraction In vivo	↓ infract size ↓ apoptosis ↓ fibrosis ↑ LVIDd ↑ EF ↑ FS	[94]
α-Lipoic acid	↑ Sirt1	↓ PARP-2	TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy In vivo Ang II-induced hypertrophy In vitro	↓ cardiac hypertrophy	[95]
Docosahexaenoic acid	↑ Sirt1	↑ eNOS	In vitro Ex vivo	↑ NO synthesis ↑ bioavailable NO	[26]
Sulforaphane	↑ Sirt1	↑ Nrf2, NQo1, HO-1 ↓ PAI-I, TNF-α, CTFG, TGF-β Preserved LKB1/AMPK/PGC-1α	T2DM-induced cardiomyopathy In vivo	↓ cardiac remodeling ↓ cardiac dysfunction ↓ cardiac lipid accumulation ↓ oxidative stress ↓ inflammation ↓ fibrosis	[96]
Caffeic acid ethanolamide	↑ Sirt1 ↑ Sirt3	↑ SOD, HIF1-α	Isoproterenol-induced cardiac dysfunction In vivo In vitro	Restored oxygen consumption rates Preserved ATP levels ↓ cardiac remodeling ↓ oxidative stress Preserved mitochondrial function	[97]

AMPK: adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase; ANF: atrial natriuretic factor; Ang II: angiotensin II; B-MHC: myosin heavy chain B; CTFG: connective tissue growth factor; Cyt-c: cytochrome c; Dox: doxorubicin; EF: ejection fraction; eNOS: endothelial nitrix oxide synthase; FS: fractional shortening; HIF1-α: hypoxia inducible factor 1-α; HO-1: heme oxygenase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; LKB1; liver kinase B 1; LVID internal diameter in diastole; left ventricular, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NE: norepinephrine; NQo1: NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1; PAI-I: plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; PARP-2: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 2; PGC1-α: peroxisome proliferator activator of transcription (PPARy) coactivator 1α; PE: phenylephrine TAC: transverse aortic constriction; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; SHD: succinate dehydrogenase; SOD: superoxide dismutase.