FIG 4.

Changes in serum hepcidin, activin A C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, and transferrin saturation during CHMI trials. (A) Serum hepcidin increased on DoD compared to that at either the C−1 or C+35 time point. Hepcidin was measured in n = 18 volunteers. (B) Activin A was significantly upregulated at DoD versus the level at C+35. CRP (C) and ferritin (D) increased at DoD over other time points. (E) Transferrin saturation was reduced on DoD compared to that at C−1 only. (F) Δ serum hepcidin and Δ activin A were significantly correlated (Spearman's correlation test); each symbol denotes a single individual. Δ protein increases during infection were calculated by the value at DoD minus the mean of values at C−1 and C+35. Data were missing for iron and activin A measurements due to insufficient sample volume available (n = 17 in panels C, D, and E and n = 16 in panels B and F). (A to E) All data are log transformed, and statistical analyses are on log-transformed data. Statistical comparisons in before-after dot plots are Dunnett's multiple-comparison tests after ANOVA test. Spearman correlation is shown in panel F, and data are not log transformed. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001.