Figure 4.

MMPP inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. (a) HCT116 and SW480 colon cancer cells, PC-3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells, PA-1 and SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells, Hep G2 and Huh-7 liver cancer cells, MCF-7 breast cancer cells, SK-MEL-28 human melanoma cells, A549 and NCI-H460 NSCLC cells were treated with MMPP (10 μg/mL) for 24 h. The relative cell survival rate was determined by MTT assay. (n= 10, data shown as mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05, paired t-test). (b) Cells were lysed and analyzed by western blotting with antibodies against pSTAT3 (Y705), total STAT3, pSTAT1 (Y701), and total STAT1, PCNA, using β-actin as a loading control. (c) NCI-H460 cells were treated with MMPP (0-20 μg/mL) for 24 h and the relative cell survival rate was determined by MTT assay (n= 10, data shown as mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05, paired t-test). (d) NCI-H460 cells were cultured in an eight chambered glass culture slide, serum starved for 12 h, and then treated with MMPP (0-15 μg/mL) for 24 h. Cell apoptosis was determined by TUNEL-assay. The apoptotic index was determined as the TUNEL-positive cell number divided by the total cell number (n= 3, data shown as mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05, paired t-test). (e-f) Cells were treated with MMPP (0-15 μg/mL) for 24 h, lysed and analyzed by western blotting with antibodies against multiple apoptosis regulatory proteins (e) and cell cycle regulatory proteins (f), using β-actin as a loading control. MMPP: (E)-2-methoxy-4-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-1-en-1-yl)phenol; PCNA: proliferating cell nuclear antigen; STAT: signal transducer and activator of transcription, TUNEL: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling