Table 1.
Characteristics of patient admissions during which opioids and benzodiazepines were and were not administered.
| Patient Characteristics | Opioids | Benzodiazepines | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Received (n=80,463) | Never Received (n=40,055) | p-value | Received (n=25,279) | Never Received (n=95,239) | p-value | |
| Age in years, median (IQR) | 56 (40–67) | 61 (42–73) | <0.001 | 58 (47–68) | 57 (38–69) | <0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 46,244 (57.5) | 22,479 (56.1) | <0.001 | 12,866 (50.9) | 55,857 (58.7) | <0.001 |
| Race, n (%) | ||||||
| Black/African-American | 38, 715 (48.1) | 23,594 (58.9) | <0.001 | 10,539 (41.7) | 51,770 (54.4) | <0.001 |
| White | 34,037 (42.3) | 13,134 (32.8) | <0.001 | 12,706 (50.3) | 34,465 (36.2) | <0.001 |
| Asian | 1,733 (2.2) | 956 (2.4) | 0.01 | 532 (2.1) | 2,157 (2.3) | 0.125 |
| More than 1 race | 1,247 (1.6) | 511 (1.3) | <0.001 | 387 (1.5) | 1,371 (1.4) | 0.281 |
| Race unknown | 4,731 (5.9) | 1,860 (4.6) | <0.001 | 1,115 (4.4) | 5,476 (5.8) | <0.001 |
| Location prior to wards, n (%) | ||||||
| Operating Room | 14,139 (17.6) | 2,401 (6.0) | <0.001 | 1,626 (6.4) | 14,914 (15.7) | <0.001 |
| Intensive Care Unit | 8,079 (10.0) | 4,343 (10.8) | <0.001 | 2,408 (9.5) | 10,014 (10.5) | <0.001 |
| Emergency Department | 14,677 (18.2) | 10,663 (26.6) | <0.001 | 5,731 (22.7) | 19,609 (20.6) | <0.001 |
| Direct to Wards | 28,051 (34.9) | 11,863 (29.6) | <0.001 | 12,151 (48.1) | 27,763 (29.2) | <0.001 |
| Procedure Area | 15,517 (19.3) | 10,785 (26.9) | <0.001 | 3,363 (13.3) | 22,939 (24.1) | <0.001 |
| Body Mass Index, n (%) | ||||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 4,755 (5.9) | 2,302 (5.8) | 0.258 | 1,908 (7.6) | 5,149 (5.4) | <0.001 |
| Normal (18.5–25) | 19,226 (23.9) | 10,020 (25.0) | <0.001 | 6,830 (27.0) | 22,416 (23.5) | <0.001 |
| Overweight (25–30) | 20,463 (25.4) | 10,389 (25.9) | 0.058 | 6,598 (26.1) | 24,254 (25.5) | 0.04 |
| Obese (30–40) | 21,886 (27.2) | 10,266 (25.6) | <0.001 | 6,060 (24.0) | 26,092 (27.4) | <0.001 |
| Superobese (>40) | 9,219 (11.5) | 4,505 (11.3) | 0.279 | 2,261 (8.9) | 11,463 (12.0) | <0.001 |
| Initial ward Electronic Cardiac Arrest Risk Triage (eCART) score, median (IQR) | 5 (3–10) | 5 (3–10) | <0.001 | 5 (3–10) | 5 (3–10) | <0.001 |
| Elixhauser Comorbidities | ||||||
| Congestive heart failure | 16,267 (20.2) | 10.673 (26.7) | <0.001 | 6,541 (25,9) | 20,399 (21.4) | <0.001 |
| Valvular disease | 6,715 (8.4) | 3,990 (10.0) | <0.001 | 2,596 (10.3) | 8,109 (8.5) | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary circulation disorder | 5,834 (7.3) | 3,328 (8.3) | <0.001 | 2,181 (8.7) | 6,981 (7.3) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disorder | 8,508 (10.6) | 4,288 (10.7) | 0.485 | 3,052 (12.1) | 9,744 (10.2) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, uncomplicated | 38,666 (48.1) | 20,206 (50.5) | <0.001 | 13,488 (55.4) | 45,384 (47.7) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, complicated | 16,544 (20.6) | 10,100 (25.2) | <0.001 | 6,300 (24.9) | 20,344 (21.4) | <0.001 |
| Paralysis | 1,883 (2.3) | 1,286 (3.2) | <0.001 | 847 (3.4) | 2,322 (2.4) | <0.001 |
| Other neurological disorder | 4,045 (5.0) | 3,565 (8.9) | <0.001 | 1,850 (7.3) | 5,760 (6.1) | <0.001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 14,735 (18.3) | 7,620 (19.0) | 0.003 | 4,876 (19.3) | 17,479 (18.4) | 0.001 |
| Diabetes, uncomplicated | 19,455 (24.2) | 10,886 (27.2) | <0.001 | 6,936 (27.4) | 23,405 (24.6) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, complicated | 6,957 (8.7) | 3,551 (8.9) | 0.204 | 2,458 (9.7) | 8,050 (8.5) | <0.001 |
| Hypothyroidism | 9,724 (12.1) | 4,575 (11.4) | 0.001 | 3,759 (14.9) | 10,540 (11.1) | <0.001 |
| Renal failure | 17,468 (21.7) | 10,458 (26.1) | <0.001 | 6,910 (27.3) | 21,016 (22.1) | <0.001 |
| Liver disease | 6,851 (8.5) | 2,689 (6.7) | <0.001 | 2,879 (11.4) | 6,661 (7.0) | <0.001 |
| Lymphoma | 2,364 (2.9) | 1,713 (4.3) | <0.001 | 1,563 (6.2) | 2,514 (2.6) | <0.001 |
| Metastatic cancer | 14,612 (18.2) | 4,239 (10.6) | <0.001 | 6,090 (24.1) | 12,761 (13.4) | <0.001 |
| Solid tumor, without metastasis | 20,965 (26.1) | 6,137 (15.3) | <0.001 | 7,968 (31.5) | 19,134 (20.1) | <0.001 |
| Collagen vascular disease | 3,927 (4.9) | 1,500 (3.7) | <0.001 | 1,240 (4.9) | 4,187 (4.4) | 0.001 |
| Coagulopathy | 13,855 (17.2) | 6,909 (17.3) | 0.898 | 6,561 (26.0) | 14,203 (14.9) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 13,010 (16.2) | 5,042 (12.6) | <0.001 | 3,988 (15.8) | 14,064 (14.8) | <0.001 |
| Weight loss | 13,115 (16.3) | 4,722 (11.8) | <0.001 | 6,000 (23.7) | 11,837 (12.4) | <0.001 |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorder | 34,444 (42.8) | 17,493 (43.7) | 0.004 | 14,668 (58.0) | 37,269 (39.1) | <0.001 |
| Blood loss anemia | 7,969 (9.9) | 4,029 (10.1) | 0.398 | 1,832 (7.3) | 10,166 (10.7) | <0.001 |
| Deficiency anemia | 904 (1.1) | 459 (1.2) | 0.729 | 398 (1.6) | 965 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol abuse | 4,532 (5.6) | 1,950 (4.9) | <0.001 | 2,138 (8.5) | 4,344 (4.6) | <0.001 |
| Drug abuse | 4,919 (6.1) | 1,827 (4.6) | <0.001 | 1,972 (7.8) | 4,774 (5.0) | <0.001 |
| Psychoses | 6,709 (8.3) | 2,658 (6.6) | <0.001 | 3,303 (13.1) | 6,064 (6.4) | <0.001 |
| Depression | 14,742 (18.3) | 5,113 (12.8) | <0.001 | 6,861 (27.1) | 12,994 (13.6) | <0.001 |
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea | 9,518 (11.8) | 4,394 (11.0) | <0.001 | 3,068 (12.1) | 10,844 (11.4) | 0.001 |
IQR, interquartile range