. 2017 Nov 16;9:657–670. doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S150500

Table 3.

ERAS protocols implemented in eligible RCTs

ERAS elements	Eligible RCTs
ERAS elements	Dong et al¹⁸	Huang et al¹⁹	Lai et al²⁰	Licker et al²¹	Muehling et al²²	Sokouti et al²³	Zhao et al²⁴
Preoperative interventions
Patient education/counseling	✓	✓			✓		✓
Shortened fasting	✓				✓		✓
Prophylactic antibiotics		✓		✓
Respiratory drug intervention			✓
Intensive pulmonary physiologic therapy		✓	✓	✓		✓
Physical muscle exercise training		✓	✓	✓
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing			✓	✓
Optimized diets	✓						✓
Intraoperative interventions
Epidural anesthesia/analgesia				✓	✓	✓
Primary/modified fissureless surgical techniques			✓
Protective lung ventilation				✓
Single chest tube placement
Prevention of hypothermia	✓				✓		✓
Postoperative interventions
Epidural analgesia/nonsteroidal analgesic painkillers	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓
Measures to promote bowel movements	✓
Optimized chest tube management	✓						✓
Intravenous fluid restriction	✓			✓	✓		✓
Early removal of epidural catheter
Early removal of urinary catheter	✓						✓
Early oral feeding	✓				✓	✓	✓
Early ambulation	✓				✓	✓	✓

Abbreviation: ERAS, enhanced recovery after surgery; RCT, randomized controlled trial.