Table 1. Results of mixed effect models comparing germination, growth- and fitness-related traits as well as leaf functional traits of invasive Ageratina adenophora populations between plant origins (low elevation, mid elevation, high elevation) and between gardens (mid elevation, low elevation) in the common garden experiment.

Population, seed family and experimental block are considered as random effects in the model.

Source of variation	Fixed effects	Origin	Garden	O × G	Random effects	Population	Seed family	P × G	S × G	Block
	d.f	2,12	1, 8	2,12
Germination probability	F	2.27	0.01	1.15	Var	0.19	0.06	0	0	0.32
	p	0.150	0.940	0.350	p	0.030	0.140	-	-	0.096
Number of capitula*	F	0.42	648.05	1.42	Var	0	0	0	0	0.048
	p	0.669	<0.001	0.278	p	-	-	-	-	0.114
Plant biomass*	F	0.49	64.43	1.29	Var	0.0006	0	0	0.0267	0.041
	p	0.620	<0.001	0.310	p	0.430	-	-	0.0038	0.032
Plant height	F	2.24	211.34	0.18	Var	0.278	3.12	0	0	53.34
	p	0.150	<0.001	0.840	p	0.450	0.240	-	-	0.0287
Primary branch number*	F	1.00	67.13	0.13	Var	0	0.002	0.002	0.005	0.005
	p	0.400	<0.001	0.880	p	-	0.339	0.210	0.189	0.067
Days to flower	F	0.50	732.35	0.30	Var	0.000067	0.00168	0	0	0.0075
	p	0.619	<0.001	0.748	p	0.440	0.030	-	-	0.032
Specific leaf area*	F	0.26	0.00	1.78	Var	0.000016	0	0	0.0008	0.0065
	p	0.780	0.980	0.210	p	0.460	-	-	0.026	0.026
Leaf dry matter content	F	0.03	0.27	2.18	Var	0	0	0	0.0015	0.009
	p	0.970	0.610	0.160	p	-	-	-	0.005	0.025
Mean leaf area	F	1.70	25.48	0.69	Var	2.07	0	2.07	3.414	43.69
	p	0.220	0.001	0.520	p	0.250	-	0.250	0.175	0.027

F ratios and associated p values are given for fixed effects, variance estimates and p values of z tests are given for random effects.

The p values are not given for variance estimates set to zero.

*These variables were log transformed, Leaf dry matter content was logit transformed, and Days to flower was square root transformed.