Table 1.
Reported cases of Salmonella PJI involving the knee in the literature
| Study | Age/sex | Underlying diseases | Age of prosthesis at presentation | Species of Salmonella detected | Treatment | Duration of follow-up | Outcome |
| Rae et al27 (1977) | 67/F | RA | 5 years | S. typhimurium | Chloramphenicol and amoxycillin with retention of prosthesis, followed by chronic antibiotic suppression with amoxycillin | NS | Required chronic antibiotic suppression |
| Boland et al29 (1999) | 51/F | RA on methotrexate and azathioprine | NS | S. enteritidis | Multiple closed drainage with needle aspiration and intravenous ceftriaxone for 4 weeks | 1 year | Uneventful follow-up |
| Madan et al30 (2001) | 75/F | RA on long-term oral steroids | 8 years | S. enteritidis | Ciprofloxacin for 6 weeks—flaring up of symptoms after 15 months with detection of Salmonella—ciprofloxacin continued for 3 months | NS | Asymptomatic until last follow-up* |
| Day et al28 (2002) | 55/M | OA, type 2 DM | 12 days | S. enteritidis | Open debridement, poly-exchange and retention of prosthesis followed by 6 weeks of ceftriaxone therapy | 6 years | No recurrence |
| Musante et al31 (2004) | 63/F | OA, history of gout | 8 weeks | S. typhimurium | Open irrigation and debridement with poly-exchange followed by 6 weeks of ceftazidime | 15 months | Cured |
| Miron et al32 (2006) | 75/M | NS | NS | S. enteritidis | Open debridement, prosthesis retention followed by 3 weeks of intravenous ceftriaxone and 3 months of oral ciprofloxacin | NS | Cured |
| Kobayashi et al7 (2008) | 71/F | RA on steroids, methotrexate, HCQ, azathioprine | Bilateral knee involvement Right—11 years, Left—6 years | S. enteritidis | Open debridement and poly-exchange with long-term antibiotic suppression with continuing oral ciprofloxacin until last follow-up | 30 months | Persistent warmth over joints, no other evidence of infection |
| Kenichi et al24 (2009) | 61/M | RA on long-term steroids, methotrexate and etanercept | 5 weeks | S. enteritidis | Arthroscopic debridement, implant retention followed by intravenous meropenem and oral levofloxacin for 2 weeks and oral minocycline for 3 months | 3 years | Cured, etanercept resumed 12 months after surgery |
| Carlile et al33 (2010) | 71/M | NS, revision surgery done for PJI after 3 years (no organism isolated), pyoderma gangrenous on long-term steroids | 2 years after revision surgery | S. choleraesuis | Two-stage revision surgery followed by intravenous cefotaxime for 1 week and oral ciprofloxacin for 3 weeks | 1 year | Cured |
| De la Torre et al5 (2012) | 72/M | RA, on prednisone and methotrexate | 10 months | S. enteritidis | Two-stage revision at first. Recurrence of infection after 9 months with simultaneous hip prosthetic joint involvement. Two-stage hip and knee revision carried out. |
3 ½ years | Cured |
| Gupta et al6 (2014) | RA, bladder cancer | 3 years | S. enteritidis | Initially aspiration followed by oral TMP-SMX for 12 weeks—failed treatment in 3 months—open debridement, prosthesis removal and arthrodesis | 15 years | Cured |
DM, diabetes mellitus; F, female; HCQ, hydroxycloroquine; M, male; NS, not specified; OA, osteoarthritis; PJI, prosthetic joint infection; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; TMP-SMX, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole.