Table 5.
Crude and adjusted ORs of hospitalisation for head injury in two-wheeled vehicle crashes
| Two-wheeled vehicles | Motorcyclists | Bicyclist | ||||||||||
| Crude OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | Crude OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | Crude OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | |
| Vehicle type | ||||||||||||
| Motorcycle | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| Bicycle | 1.59* | 1.55 to 1.64 | 0.82* | 0.79 to 0.85 | ||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Male | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||||
| Female | 0.86* | 0.85 to 0.88 | 1.08* | 1.07 to 1.10 | 0.86* | 0.84 to 0.87 | 1.03* | 1.02 to 1.05 | 0.98 | 0.93 to 1.03 | 1.01 | 0.95 to 1.06 |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||
| <18 | 0.57* | 0.57 to 0.58 | 0.62* | 0.60 to 0.64 | 0.59* | 0.58 to 0.60 | 0.71* | 0.68 to 0.74 | 0.61* | 0.56 to 0.67 | 0.86* | 0.77 to 0.96 |
| 18–40 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||||
| 41–64 | 1.29* | 1.28 to 1.31 | 0.86* | 0.83 to 0.89 | 1.32* | 1.30 to 1.34 | 0.93* | 0.89 to 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.93 to 1.04 | 1.40* | 1.29 to 1.51 |
| 65+ | 1.87* | 1.83 to 1.90 | 1.23* | 1.19 to 1.28 | 1.78* | 1.74 to 1.82 | 1.23* | 1.18 to 1.29 | 1.78* | 1.69 to 1.88 | 1.92* | 1.80 to 2.06 |
| Location | ||||||||||||
| Highly urbanised area | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||||
| Medium urbanised area | 0.74* | 0.73 to 0.75 | 1.49* | 1.45 to 1.53 | 0.74* | 0.73 to 0.76 | 1.51* | 1.47 to 1.55 | 0.78* | 0.73 to 0.82 | 1.60* | 1.45 to 1.76 |
| Boomtown | 1.07* | 1.05 to 1.08 | 1.78* | 1.73 to 1.83 | 1.07* | 1.05 to 1.09 | 1.81* | 1.76 to 1.86 | 0.99 | 0.93 to 1.06 | 1.89* | 1.70 to 2.09 |
| General township | 1.67* | 1.64 to 1.70 | 2.31* | 2.25 to 2.38 | 1.67* | 1.64 to 1.70 | 2.37* | 2.30 to 2.44 | 1.50* | 1.41 to 1.59 | 2.42* | 2.18 to 2.68 |
| Rural area | 2.36* | 2.31 to 2.41 | 2.74* | 2.66 to 2.83 | 2.38* | 2.33 to 2.43 | 2.77* | 2.68 to 2.87 | 1.88* | 1.75 to 2.02 | 2.94* | 2.63 to 3.29 |
| Motorcycle engine capacity | ||||||||||||
| ≥51 cc | – | – | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | – | – | ||||||
| ≤50 cc | 1.25* | 1.23 to 1.27 | 1.18* | 1.15 to 1.20 | ||||||||
| Drunk driving | ||||||||||||
| No (BAC ≤0.03%) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||||
| Yes (BAC >0.03%) | 3.75* | 3.67 to 3.83 | 2.80* | 2.73 to 2.87 | 3.91* | 3.83 to 4.00 | 2.64* | 2.58 to 2.71 | 1.69* | 1.43 to 2.00 | 1.47* | 1.23 to 1.75 |
| Helmet use | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||||
| No | 2.10* | 2.06 to 2.14 | 1.77* | 1.74 to 1.81 | 2.27* | 2.22 to 2.31 | 1.73* | 1.69 to 1.77 | 1.40 * | 1.26 to 1.55 | 1.24* | 1.12 to 1.38 |
| License | ||||||||||||
| Yes | – | – | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | – | – | ||||||
| No | 2.05* | 2.01 to 2.09 | 1.36* | 1.33 to 1.39 | ||||||||
| Path type | ||||||||||||
| Straight road | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||||
| Curved road | 1.43* | 1.38 to 1.47 | 1.01 | 0.98 to 1.05 | 1.44* | 1.39 to 1.49 | 1.00 | 0.96 to 1.03 | 1.21* | 1.07 to 1.36 | 1.16* | 1.03 to 1.32 |
| Crossroads /roundabout |
0.71* | 0.70 to 0.72 | 0.90* | 0.88 to 0.92 | 0.71* | 0.70 to 0.72 | 0.90* | 0.88 to 0.92 | 0.84* | 0.80 to 0.89 | 0.94 | 0.87 to 1.00 |
| Lighting | ||||||||||||
| Daylight | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||||
| Dusk or dawn | 1.76* | 1.69 to 1.83 | 1.08* | 1.03 to 1.12 | 1.75* | 1.68 to 1.82 | 1.05* | 1.00 to 1.09 | 1.56* | 1.38 to 1.76 | 1.28* | 1.13 to 1.45 |
| Road type | ||||||||||||
| Provincial highway | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||||
| County road | 1.54* | 1.50 to 1.57 | 0.98 | 0.94 to 1.01 | 1.53* | 1.49 to 1.57 | 0.97 | 0.93 to 1.00 | 1.59* | 1.47 to 1.73 | 1.06 | 0.94 to 1.20 |
| Others (township /private road) |
0.59* | 0.58 to 0.60 | 0.83* | 0.81 to 0.85 | 0.59* | 0.58 to 0.61 | 0.82* | 0.80 to 0.85 | 0.60* | 0.57 to 0.65 | 0.85* | 0.77 to 0.94 |
| Road surface | ||||||||||||
| Dry | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||||
| Wet/slippery | 0.83* | 0.81 to 0.85 | 0.85* | 0.83 to 0.87 | 0.82* | 0.80 to 0.84 | 0.84* | 0.81 to 0.86 | 0.97 | 0.89 to 1.06 | 1.01 | 0.93 to 1.11 |
| Road defect | ||||||||||||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||||
| Yes | 1.33* | 1.25 to 1.42 | 0.95 | 0.89 to 1.01 | 1.36* | 1.28 to 1.44 | 0.96 | 0.90 to 1.03 | 1.16 | 0.87 to 1.56 | 1.00 | 0.74 to 1.36 |
| Barrier | ||||||||||||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||||
| Yes | 1.12* | 1.07 to 1.16 | 0.99 | 0.95 to 1.03 | 1.14* | 1.09 to 1.18 | 0.99 | 0.95 to 1.03 | 0.89 | 0.76 to 1.05 | 0.92 | 0.78 to 1.09 |
| Traffic signal | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||||
| No | 1.31* | 1.29 to 1.33 | 1.02 | 1.00 to 1.04 | 1.31* | 1.29 to 1.33 | 1.03* | 1.01 to 1.05 | 1.10* | 1.04 to 1.17 | 0.93 | 0.87 to 1.00 |
| Separation of traffic directions | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||||
| No | 0.92* | 0.90 to 0.93 | 1.21* | 1.19 to 1.24 | 0.92* | 0.91 to 0.94 | 1.21* | 1.19 to 1.23 | 0.91* | 0.86 to 0.96 | 1.09* | 1.02 to 1.16 |
| Traffic island | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||||
| No | 0.82* | 0.80 to 0.83 | 0.74* | 0.73 to 0.76 | 0.82* | 0.80 to 0.83 | 0.74* | 0.73 to 0.76 | 0.84* | 0.80 to 0.89 | 0.80* | 0.75 to 0.86 |
| Crash type | ||||||||||||
| Multiple vehicle | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||||
| Single vehicle | 2.34* | 2.29 to 2.38 | 1.75* | 1.71 to 1.79 | 2.42* | 2.38 to 2.47 | 1.76* | 1.72 to 1.79 | 1.68* | 1.50 to 1.88 | 1.56* | 1.38 to 1.76 |
BAC, blood alcohol concentration.
* represents p<0.05