Table 5.
Author and year | Number in analysis | Risk factor measurement | Outcome(s) | Univariable or multivariable analysis | Association | Results summary |
Stephens et al, 200248 | 63 | Perceived positive social support (MOS social support survey) at 6 weeks | WOMAC pain at 6 months | Multivariable hierarchical multiple regression | Yes | Beta=−0.29, SE=0.09, p≤0.05 |
Perceived negative social support (four items) at 6 weeks | Yes | Beta=−0.27, SE=0.14, p≤0.05 | ||||
Active coping (Vanderbilt Multidimensional Pain Coping Inventory Active Coping scale) at 6 weeks | No | Beta=−0.14, SE=0.01 | ||||
Avoidant coping (Vanderbilt Multidimensional Pain Coping Inventory Avoidant Coping scale) at 6 weeks | No | Beta=0.21, SE=0.01 | ||||
Edwards et al, 200939 | 43 | Catastrophising (Coping Strategies Questionnaire catastrophising subscale) at 1 month and 3 months | Global pain VAS at 6 and 12 months Night pain VAS at 6 and 12 months |
Multivariable generalised estimating equation model | No Yes |
Catastrophising at a previous time point was not a predictor of global pain at a future time point (estimate=2.1, SE=2.2, t=0.9, p=0.35). Catastrophising at a previous time was a predictor of night-time pain at a future time point (estimate=5.1, SE=2.5, t=2.0, p=0.04). |
Depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale at 1 month and 3 months) | Global pain VAS at 6 and 12 months Night pain VAS at 6 and 12 months |
Yes No |
Depression at a previous time point was a predictor of global pain at a future time point (estimate=0.67, SE=0.30, t=2.2, p=0.03). Depression at a previous time point was not a predictor of night-time pain at a future time point (estimate=0.40, SE=0.33, t=1.2, p=0.24). |
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Pinto et al, 201345 | 42 | Anxiety scale (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) at 48 hours | NRS at 4–6 months | Hierarchical logistic regression | Yes | Exp(B)=1.713 (95% CI 1.104 to 2.657), p=0.016 |
Kocic et al, 201550 | 78 | Fear of movement (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia) at 2 weeks | NRS at 6 months | Univariable comparison of means | Yes | Patients with high fear of movement had more pain (mean=3.24, SD=1.98) than patients with low fear of movement (mean=1.81, SD=1.5), p=0.0035. |
NRS, Numerical Rating Scale; TKR, total knee replacement; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale; WOMAC, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index.