Table 1.
Studies of genetic and environmental influences with diverse population groups: Summary characteristics
| Citation | Sample Size (subgroups) | Age Group | Gene | Drinking Phenotype* | Environmental Influences | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls | Triggers | |||||
| African American | ||||||
| Beach et al., 2010 | 337 | Youth | DRD4 | Substance Use** Drank alcohol, 3+ drinks at one time, and smoked marijuana |
Social Network: Intervention status - Strong African American Families program |
|
| Brody et al., 2009a | 641 | Youth | SLC6A4 | Risk Behavior Initiation** Ever drank alcohol, used marijuana, or had sexual intercourse |
Social Network: Intervention status - Strong African American Families program |
|
| Brody et al., 2009b | 253 | Youth | SLC6A4 | Substance Use** Smoked cigarettes, drank alcohol, 3+ drinks at one time, and smoked marijuana |
Social Network: Supportive parenting, involvement, and good communication |
|
| Brody et al., 2013 | 963 | Youth and adolescents | DRD2, DRD4, ANKK1, GABRG1, GABRA2 | Alcohol Use** Drank alcohol and 4+ drinks at one time |
Social Network: Intervention status - Strong African American Families program |
|
| Brody et al., 2015 | 291 | Adolescents | DRD4 | Substance Use** Cigarette, alcohol, marijuana, and other drug use in past month |
Social Network: Intervention status - Adults In the Making program |
Social Network: Family risk - Parent-child conflict/communication, chaos in home, caregiver depression, and parental support |
| Enoch et al., 2010 | 563 | Adult men | GABRA2 | 1) Alcohol; 2) Heroin; and 3) Cocaine dependence |
Social Network: Childhood abuse or neglect |
|
| Goyal et al., 2016 | 541 | Adolescents | CRHBP, NR3C1 | Alcohol use** Frequency and quantity of any alcohol use, and frequency of 5+ drinks in a couple of hours |
Social Network: Stressful life events§ - Life transitions (e.g., marriage, baby) |
Social Network & Community Level: Stressful life events§ - Property damage, disruption in home, illness or injury, family/friend death or illness, victim of crime, witnessed violence, exposure to neighborhood violence |
| Kranzler et al., 2012 | 564 (African, Afro- Caribbean, and African American) | College students | SLC6A4 | 1) Any drinking; and 2) Heavy drinking frequency (males 5+ drinks, females 4+ drinks) |
Social Network: Stressful life events - Relationship, academic, family health, and financial problems |
|
| Asian American | ||||||
| Bujarski et al., 2015 | 97 (Chinese, Korean, and Japanese) | College students | ALDH2, ADH1B | Alcohol use** Frequency and quantity of any alcohol use, heavy episodic drinking, and alcohol- related consequences |
Social Network: Parental history of alcoholism§§ Community Level: 1) Ethnicity; and 2) Acculturation |
Social Network: Parental history of alcoholism§§ |
| Hendershot et al., 2005 | 428 (Chinese and Korean) | College students | ALDH2 | 1) Frequency and quantity of any alcohol use, and 2) Heavy episodic drinking (males 5+ drinks, females 4+ drinks) |
Social Network: Parental alcohol use Community Level: Ethnicity |
|
| Irons et al., 2007 | 34 (Korean adoptees) | Adolescents and young adults | ALDH2 | 1) Past-year drinking; and 2) Past-year drunkenness |
Social Network: 1) Parental history of alcoholism§§; and 2) Sibling alcohol use |
Social Network: Parental history of alcoholism§§ |
| Irons et al., 2012 | 356 (Korean adoptees) | Adolescents and young adults | ALDH2 | 1) Alcohol Use** Drinking frequency and quantity, maximum drinks consumed on one occasion, frequency of intoxication; 2) Alcohol abuse & dependence symptom count; and 3) Alcohol abuse or dependence diagnosis |
Social Network: 1) Deviant peer behaviors; 2) Parental alcohol use problems§§; and 3) Elder sibling alcohol use problems |
Social Network: Parental alcohol use problems§§ |
| Luczak et al., 2003 | 347 (Chinese and Korean) | College students | ALDH2 | Heavy episodic drinking (males 5+ drinks, females 4+ drinks) |
Community Level: 1) Religious services attendance; and 2) Ethnicity |
|
| Latino/Hispanic | ||||||
| Du et al., 2009 | 703 (Mexican American) | Adults | SLC6A4, OPRM1, A118G, DRD2 | 1) Maximum drinks consumed in a 24-hour period; and 2) Alcohol abuse or dependence |
Social Network: Marital status Community Level: Educational attainment |
|
| American Indian | ||||||
| Ducci et al., 2008 | 291 (Southwest American Indian) | Adult women | MAOA | Alcohol use disorder |
Social Network: Childhood sexual abuse |
|
| Enoch et al., 2006 | 342 (Plains American Indian) | Adults | COMT | Alcohol use disorder and nicotine addiction** |
Community Level: Gender |
|
| Multiple Population Sample | ||||||
| Chartier et al., 2016 | 7,716 (Combined African, European, and Hispanic American sample) | Adults | ADH1B, ADH1C, ADH4 | 1) Maximum drinks consumed in 24-hours; and 2) Alcohol dependence symptoms |
Community Level: Religious services attendance |
|
| Daw et al., 2013 | 14,560 (Combined Black, White, Hispanic, Asian, and other sample) | Adolescents and young adults | SLC6A4 | 1) Drinking frequency, and 2) Drinking quantity |
Community Level: School-level drinking |
|
| Dick et al., 2006 | 1,916 (Combined African and European American sample) | Adults | GABRA2 | Alcohol dependence |
Social Network: Marital status |
|
| Kaufman et al., 2007 | 127 (Combined African, European, and Hispanic American, and biracial sample) | Youth and adolescents | SLC6A4 | 1) Alcohol use yes/no; 2) Age of first use; and 3) Episodes of intoxication |
Social Network: 1) Childhood maltreatment; and 2) severity of childhood maltreatment |
|
| Lieberman et al., 2016 | 1,845 (Combined African, European, and Hispanic descent sample) | College students | FKPB5 | Heavy drinking (males 5+ drinks; females 4+ drinks) averaged from daily report across 29 days |
Social Network: Past- year life stress§ - relationship, health, and financial problems Social Network & Community: 1) Early life trauma§ and 2) past-year trauma§ - accident, illness, disaster, war, violence/victimization, loss/separation |
|
| Luczak et al., 2001 | 108 (Chinese); 124 (Korean); and 96 (White) | College students | ALDH2 | Binge drinking |
Community Level: Ethnicity |
|
| Luczak et al., 2004 | 190 (Chinese); 214 (Korean); and 200 (European heritage) | College students | ALDH2, ADH1B | Alcohol dependence |
Community Level: 1) Gender; and 2) Ethnicity |
|
| Olfson et al., 2014 | 1,550 (Combined African and European American sample) | Adolescents | ADH1B | 1) Age of first intoxication; and 2) Age of first alcohol use disorder symptom | Social Network: Peer drinking | |
| Sartor et al., 2014 | 2,617 (African American); and 1,436 (European American) | Adults | ADH1B | 1) Maximum drinks consumed in 24-hours; and 2) Alcohol use disorder symptom count | Social Network & Community: Childhood adversity§ - Parental death, sexual or physical abuse, and witnessed or experienced violent | |
| Vaske et al., 2009 | 402 (African American); and 1,552 (Caucasian) | Adolescent and young adult | DAT1 | Problems (because of drinking)** At school or work, with friends or partner, hung over, sick, physical fights, and risky sexual behavior |
Social Network: Paternal history of alcoholism§§ |
Social Network: Paternal history of alcoholism§§ |
Notes:
*
Numbered phenotypes reflect studies that examined multiple outcome measures;
**
Phenotype was a composite measure of more than one alcohol or drug use or risk behavior outcome;
§
Items in composite measure of environment could be individually classified as constraints or triggers or as social network or community level exposures; and
§§
Parental alcoholism is associated with known environmental risk factors for AUD that could be classified as constraints or triggers.