Table 3.
Internalizing Disorder Co-Morbidity and Aggression among ADHD Children and Adolescents (N = 268)
| Variable | ADHD, no co-morbid condition | ADHD + co-morbid condition | t-test (df)a | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADHD, no BD (n = 246) | ADHD + BD (n = 22) | |||
| Overt aggression (CBCL) | 66.50 (11.32) | 74.59 (12.45) | t(258) = −3.18 | 0.002 |
| Overt aggression (MOAS) | 33.58 (33.12) | 50.90 (36.42) | t(237) = −2.22 | 0.027 |
| Proactive aggression | 1.56 (0.82) | 2.05 (1.07) | t(237) = −2.47 | 0.014 |
| Reactive aggression | 2.99 (1.18) | 3.80 (1.06) | t(237) = −2.94 | 0.004 |
| ADHD, no Dep (n = 145) | ADHD + Dep (n = 123) | |||
| Overt aggression (CBCL) | 65.32 (11.62) | 69.39 (11.27) | t(258) = −2.86 | 0.005 |
| Overt aggression (MOAS) | 32.46 (33.75) | 37.85 (33.51) | t(237) = −1.34 | 0.217 |
| Proactive aggression | 1.48 (0.77) | 1.74 (0.91) | t(237) = −2.39 | 0.018 |
| Reactive aggression | 2.79 (1.15) | 3.35 (1.17) | t(237) = −3.74 | <0.001 |
| ADHD, no anxiety disorder (n = 66) | ADHD + anxiety disorder (n = 202) | |||
| Overt aggression (CBCL) | 66.13 (12.85) | 67.53 (11.20) | t(258) = −0.84 | .402 |
| Overt aggression (MOAS) | 32.77 (28.61) | 35.82 (35.32) | t(237) = −0.61 | .540 |
| Proactive aggression | 1.55 (0.87) | 1.62 (0.84) | t(237) = −0.57 | .568 |
| Reactive aggression | 2.95 (1.10) | 3.10 (1.22) | t(237) = −0.88 | .378 |
Values denote means (standard deviations). The false discovery rate (FDR) procedure was used to control for Type 1 error inflation in testing statistical significance.
a
t-test calculated assuming unequal variability between groups.
Abbreviations: ADHD = Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; df = degrees of freedom; BD = bipolar disorder; CBCL = Child Behavior Checklist; MOAS = Modified Overt Aggression Scale; Dep = depression.