. 2010 Apr 1;20(2):119–126. doi: 10.1089/cap.2009.0076

Table 4.

Analysis of Covariance for Aggression Measures by ADHD and Control Groups

Variable	Co-morbidity covariate	ADHD Combined (n = 154)	ADHD Inattentive (n = 65)	ADHD Hyperactive (n = 18)	IHI problems (n = 30)	Control (n = 100)	Ftest (df)^a	p	Effect size
CBCL aggression	CD	68.85 (0.80)^a	63.71 (1.15)^a	64.79 (2.26)^a	61.61 (1.75)^a	53.95 (0.95)	F(4,349) = 32.61	<0.001	0.272
	ODD	70.15 (0.81)^a	61.80 (1.22)^a	63.40 (2.39)^a	60.13 (1.83)^a	53.82 (1.06)	F(4,349) = 34.19	<0.001	0.282
	BD	70.51 (0.80)^a	62.63 (1.20)^a	64.00 (2.39)^a	59.69 (1.84)^a	52.77 (0.98)	F(4,349) = 46.12	<0.001	0.346
	DD	70.28 (0.81)^a	62.06 (1.21)^a	64.26 (2.39)^a	59.98 (1.84)^a	53.35 (1.03)	F(4,349) = 37.89	<0.001	0.303
	AD	70.58 (0.82)^a	62.18 (1.26)^a	64.13 (2.42)^a	60.03 (1.86)^a	52.83 (1.09)	F(4,349) = 38.57	<0.001	0.307
MOAS aggression	CD	34.97 (2.35)^a	28.71 (3.44)^a	44.56 (6.66)^a	19.20 (5.51)	12.77 (2.70)	F(4,328) = 10.75	<0.001	0.116
	ODD	38.95 (2.44)^a	24.75 (3.67)^a	41.11 (7.12)^a	14.35 (5.82)	10.95 (3.05)	F(4,328) = 12.68	<0.001	0.134
	BD	39.57 (2.38)^a	25.87 (3.63)^a	42.41 (7.07)^a	14.42 (5.81)	9.21 (2.81)	F(4,328) = 17.32	<0.001	0.174
	DD	39.25 (2.40)^a	24.60 (3.67)^a	42.99 (7.07)^a	13.45 (5.83)	10.53 (2.96)	F(4,328) = 14.95	<0.001	0.154
	AD	39.87 (2.42)^a	25.06 (3.79)^a	42.76 (7.11)^a	14.32 (5.86)	9.23 (3.08)	F(4,328) = 15.56	<0.001	0.159
Proactive aggression	CD	1.60 (0.06)^a	1.51 (0.09)	1.46 (0.17)	1.34 (0.14)	1.30 (0.07)	F(4,328) = 2.69	0.031	0.032
	ODD	1.75 (0.06)^a	1.41 (0.10)	1.39 (0.19)	1.20 (0.15)	1.19 (0.08)	F(4,328) = 7.64	<0.001	0.085
	BD	1.75 (0.06)^a	1.42 (0.09)	1.40 (0.19)	1.20 (0.15)	1.18 (0.07)	F(4,328) = 8.75	<0.001	0.096
	DD	1.73 (0.06)^a	1.38 (0.10)	1.42 (0.18)	1.17 (0.15)	1.24 (0.08)	F(4,328) = 7.16	<0.001	0.080
	AD	1.76 (0.06)^a	1.42 (0.10)	1.14 (0.19)	1.20 (0.15)	1.17 (0.08)	F(4,328) = 8.50	<0.001	0.094
Reactive aggression	CD	3.10 (0.10)^a	2.94 (0.14)^a	2.88 (0.27)	2.52 (0.22)	2.19 (0.11)	F(4,328) = 9.79	<0.001	0.107
	ODD	3.17 (0.10)^a	2.79 (0.14)^a	2.72 (0.28)	2.37 (0.23)	2.24 (0.12)	F(4,328) = 8.95	<0.001	0.098
	BD	3.22 (0.09)^a	2.86 (0.14)^a	2.81 (0.28)	2.38 (0.23)	2.11 (0.11)	F(4,328) = 14.73	<0.001	0.152
	DD	3.17 (0.09)^a	2.75 (0.14)	2.85 (0.27)	2.29 (0.22)	2.26 (0.11)	F(4,328) = 9.95	<0.001	0.108
	AD	3.23 (0.10)^a	2.82 (0.15)^a	2.83 (0.28)	2.37 (0.23)	2.12 (0.12)	F(4,328) = 12.24	<0.001	0.130

Values denote estimated marginalized means (standard errors).

^{^a}

All analyses control for age, household income, and one co-morbidity (i.e., CD = conduct disorder; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder; BD = bipolar disorder; DD = depressive disorder; AD = anxiety disorder). Sidak adjustment applied for multiple comparisons.

^{^b}

The mean difference with the control group is significant at the p < 0.05 level.

Abbreviations: ADHD = Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; IHI = inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive; CBCL = Child Behavior Checklist; MOAS = Modified Overt Aggression Scale.