Fig. 4.

PSO-AO correction on a single fluorescent microsphere. (a) PSF before correction. (b) The final frame of the optimization showing the corrected PSF. (c) Zernike coefficients of the correction (Noll ordering). The experiment was performed with particles placed in the position range from −5 to 5 radians. The velocity range was −0.5 to 0.5. The population size was 50. Values of$r_1$and$r_2$ were both 2.0. Sigma for the metric was 0.1 μm⁻¹. The exposure time was 50 ms. A 470 nm LED was used for illumination. Scale bars are 1 µm. A video of this process is shown in supplemental Visualization 1 ^{(22.6MB, avi)} .