Table 2.

Effects of Presence and Generosity of EITC Laws Among Low Educated Mothers

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
	1st Trimester Prenatal Care	Smoked	Drank alcohol (1994–2006)	Adequate Weight Gain	Birth Weight	Birth Weight<2500 g	Gestation Weeks
Low EITC no refund	0.048**	−0.016***	0.00004	0.005	9.441**	−0.003***	0.048
	(0.023)	(0.004)	(0.001)	(0.006)	(3.605)	(0.001)	(0.029)
Low EITC with refund	−0.006	−0.006	−0.002*	−0.0005	16.845**	−0.005***	0.026
	(0.020)	(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.006)	(6.883)	(0.002)	(0.037)
High EITC no refund	0.025	0.009*	0.0001	0.022***	12.681***	−0.003***	0.165***
	(0.022)	(0.005)	(0.0001)	(0.007)	(3.680)	(0.001)	(0.017)
High EITC with refund	−0.014	0.007	−0.001	−0.0002	27.307***	−0.008***	0.077**
	(0.022)	(0.008)	(0.002)	(0.006)	(6.083)	(0.002)	(0.031)
Maternal age	0.002***	0.001***	0.001***	−0.0004***	3.047***	0.001***	−0.027***
	(0.0003)	(0.0002)	(0.0001)	(0.0001)	(0.372)	(0.0001)	(0.001)
Married	0.079***	−0.116***	−0.011***	0.018***	75.113***	−0.021***	0.132***
	(0.003)	(0.014)	(0.001)	(0.003)	(6.202)	(0.002)	(0.010)
Female baby	0.003***	−0.0004***	0.00001	0.001**	−107.567***	0.011***	0.130***
	(0.0002)	(0.0001)	(0.00005)	(0.0004)	(1.592)	(0.001)	(0.003)
Black	−0.080***	−0.159***	0.003***	−0.024***	−170.484***	0.045***	−0.489***
	(0.005)	(0.012)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(6.224)	(0.002)	(0.013)
Native American	−0.091***	−0.060*	0.017***	−0.025***	58.162***	−0.006**	−0.073**
	(0.007)	(0.032)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(9.699)	(0.002)	(0.034)
Asian	−0.092***	−0.174***	−0.008***	0.030***	−127.716***	0.006***	−0.131***
	(0.008)	(0.009)	(0.001)	(0.005)	(6.836)	(0.001)	(0.023)
Hispanic	−0.052***	−0.229***	−0.008***	0.013***	23.430***	−0.015***	0.006
	(0.010)	(0.013)	(0.001)	(0.003)	(7.173)	(0.002)	(0.022)
Less than high school	−0.092***	0.090***	0.005***	−0.021***	−33.838***	0.009***	−0.027**
	(0.008)	(0.009)	(0.001)	(0.003)	(5.429)	(0.002)	(0.010)
Unemployment	−0.002**	−0.001	−0.0003**	0.003	2.179**	−0.001***	0.006
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.0001)	(0.002)	(0.905)	(0.0003)	(0.005)
Real income per capita	−0.002	−0.002***	−0.0001	0.001***	0.773	−0.0002***	0.004
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.0001)	(0.0003)	(0.480)	(0.0001)	(0.003)
Percent poverty	−0.001	−0.001	−0.00001	−0.001**	−2.711***	0.001***	−0.007***
	(0.001)	(0.0006)	(0.0001)	(0.0004)	(0.380)	(0.0001)	(0.002)
Primary care physicians	0.012***	0.010***	0.002***	−0.002	−4.135***	0.002***	−0.004
per cap.	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.0004)	(0.002)	(1.411)	(0.0005)	(0.007)
N	29858196	25998369	15990278	25846729	30780950	30780950	30802189

Note: Standard errors adjusted for clustering at the state level in parentheses. Models also contain indicator variables for unknown Hispanic ethnicity and county population size as shown in Table 1. All models include state fixed effect and year-by-quarter fixed effects.

^*p < 0.10,

^**p < 0.05,

^***p < 0.01