Table 3.

Effects of Presence and Generosity of EITC Laws, Low Educated Mothers, By Family Structure Subgroup

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
PANEL A Single	1st Trimester Prenatal Care	Smoked	Drank alcohol (1994–2006)	Adequate Weight Gain	Birth Weight	Birth Weight<2500 g	Gestation Weeks
Low EITC no refund	0.052**	−0.022***	−0.0001	0.004	11.837**	−0.004***	0.063*
	(0.026)	(0.006)	(0.001)	(0.006)	(4.766)	(0.001)	(0.037)
Low EITC with refund	−0.012	−0.007	−0.003**	−0.002	17.055**	−0.006***	0.042
	(0.019)	(0.008)	(0.002)	(0.006)	(6.388)	(0.002)	(0.044)
High EITC no refund	0.022	0.012*	0.001*	0.020***	15.212***	−0.003*	0.162***
	(0.023)	(0.006)	(0.001)	(0.007)	(4.458)	(0.002)	(0.022)
High EITC with refund	−0.011	0.012	−0.001	0.002	23.086***	−0.008***	0.075*
	(0.021)	(0.014)	(0.003)	(0.005)	(5.489)	(0.002)	(0.039)
N	15003775	13244060	7521230	13218409	15545644	15545644	15557589
PANEL B Married
Low EITC no refund	0.044**	−0.008***	0.0003	0.006	8.101**	−0.002**	0.033
	(0.020)	(0.003)	(0.001)	(0.006)	(3.160)	(0.001)	(0.021)
Low EITC with refund	0.002	−0.006	−0.002**	0.001	18.310**	−0.005**	0.009
	(0.020)	(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.006)	(7.782)	(0.002)	(0.032)
High EITC no refund	0.026	0.008	−0.0001	0.023***	10.795***	−0.003***	0.169***
	(0.022)	(0.005)	(0.0004)	(0.007)	(3.702)	(0.001)	(0.011)
High EITC with refund	−0.014	0.005	−0.001	−0.001	32.010***	−0.008***	0.075***
	(0.023)	(0.007)	(0.001)	(0.006)	(8.069)	(0.002)	(0.027)
N	14854421	12754309	8469048	12628320	15235306	15235306	15244600
PANEL C First Birth
Low EITC no refund	0.046**	−0.020***	0.001	0.010*	4.251	−0.002***	0.042
	(0.020)	(0.004)	(0.001)	(0.005)	(4.356)	(0.001)	(0.029)
Low EITC with refund	−0.004	−0.011**	−0.001	−0.001	7.440	−0.003*	0.042
	(0.019)	(0.005)	(0.002)	(0.006)	(5.645)	(0.002)	(0.037)
High EITC no refund	0.030	0.004	0.001**	0.024***	10.502***	−0.002*	0.172***
	(0.020)	(0.005)	(0.000)	(0.008)	(3.111)	(0.001)	(0.017)
High EITC with refund	0.010	−0.002	0.0002	−0.0003	14.281***	−0.004**	0.123***
	(0.021)	(0.011)	(0.001)	(0.008)	(5.284)	(0.002)	(0.036)
N	10287473	8992023	5630095	9015758	10574349	10574349	10582241
PANEL D Second+ Birth
Low EITC no refund	0.052**	−0.016***	−0.0002	0.003	8.912**	−0.002*	0.062**
	(0.023)	(0.003)	(0.001)	(0.006)	(3.853)	(0.001)	(0.026)
Low EITC with refund	0.006	−0.013**	−0.003*	−0.002	12.198**	−0.004**	0.047
	(0.024)	(0.006)	(0.002)	(0.006)	(5.344)	(0.002)	(0.038)
High EITC no refund	0.025	0.010*	−0.001*	0.020***	12.060***	−0.003***	0.164***
	(0.023)	(0.005)	(0.0006)	(0.007)	(3.939)	(0.001)	(0.016)
High EITC with refund	−0.001	−0.003	−0.002	−0.001	17.704***	−0.005***	0.109***
	(0.023)	(0.008)	(0.002)	(0.006)	(4.910)	(0.001)	(0.033)
N	19570723	17006346	10360183	16830971	20206601	20206601	20219948

Note: Standard errors adjusted for clustering at the state level in parentheses. Models contain all individual-level and county-level covariates shown in Table 1, state fixed effect and year-by-quarter fixed effects.

^*p < 0.10,

^**p < 0.05,

^***p < 0.01