(a) Immunofluorescence staining of nephrin and Claudin-1. Representative images from mice in each group are shown (magnification: x400, scale bar: 50μm). (b, c) Semi-quantification of immunofluorescence optical density for nephrin (b) and Claudin-1 (c) are shown. AU, arbitrary units. (d, e) Real-time PCR analysis was performed for nephrin and Claudin-1. (f) Quantification of nephrin/Claudin-1-double positive cells in glomeruli of NTS and vehicle-injected mice. Nephrin and Claudin-1-double positive cells were detected only in the nephritic mice treated with RA. (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ***P<0.001 compared to respective PBS-injected control; ##P<0.01 and ###P<0.001 compared to respective NTS-injected mice; §P<0.05 and §§P<0.01 compared to NTS+RA Pod-Rara+/+. n.d., not detected, n.s. not significant, n=6 in each group).