Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Behav Immun. 2017 Sep 7;67:218–229. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.08.027

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The microbiota upregulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the neonatal mouse brain. (A) Expression levels of anti-inflammatory IL-10 did not differ between conventionally colonized (CC; filled circles) and germ-free (GF; open circles) neonates. (B–D) In contrast, pro-inflammatory cytokines: IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 were reduced in GF mice on postnatal day (P) 0 and P3. Data are expressed relative to levels of CC mice on P0. Error bars are smaller than symbols for the GF group in B and C. Asterisks represent main effect of microbiota status. **p < 0.01. N = 18 – 22 mice per group.