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The absence of a microbiota causes higher microglial labeling in the hypothalamus (center) but not in the septum (left) or hippocampus (right) of neonatal conventionally colonized (CC; filled circles) and germ-free (GF; open circles) mice. Asterisks represent a significant difference between GF and CC at postnatal day (P) 3. *** p < 0.001. N = 11 – 13 mice per group, except N = 6 mice for GF-P3.
