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mRNA expression of selected M1-related and M2-related genes in the hippocampus following abdominal surgery in mice. (A) Expression levels 6 h post-surgery. (B) Expression levels 48 h post-surgery (n = 6 at each time point in each group). β-actin was used for normalization. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.
