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. 2017 Nov 20;7:15865. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16129-3

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Arch activation in bladder sensory neurons decreased neuronal excitability. (A) Example of a patched neuron (21 μm diameter); green fluorescence indicates Arch-GFP expression, red fluorescence is DiI labeling, indicating that the neuron projects to the bladder wall and expressed Arch (yellow); scale bar = 20 μm. (B) Representative voltage clamp recording showing photocurrent elicited by 1-second green light (530 nm) stimulation at 10 mw/mm². (C) Quantification of the percentage of cells that showed action potential firing to a ramp current to 1x rheobase before (OFF) and during (ON) green light illumination. Optical illumination of bladder projecting SNS-Arch neurons resulted in complete blockade of action potential firing at 1x rheobase. (D) Representative traces of action potentials elicited in SNS-Arch-GFP-expressing neurons by ramp current injections of 1 to 4 times rheobase without (grey) and with (green) LED illumination. ***p = 0.001. n = 7 neurons from 4 mice; Paired t test. Error bars indicate SEM.